anatomy Flashcards
which muscles are used to close the jaw?
- temporalis
- masseter
- medial pterygoid
what muscle is used to open the jaw?
- lateral pterygoid
where is the temporalis found?
- coronoid process of mandible to temporal fossa
where is the masseter found?
- angle of mandible to zygomatic arch
where is the lateral pterygoid found?
- condyle of mandible to pterygoid plates of sphenoid bone
where is the medial pterygoid found?
- angle of mandible (medial side) to pterygoid plates of sphenoid bone
what is the only nerve that comes off of the pons?
the trigeminal nerve - sensory and motor fibres
what is the course of the trigeminal nerve?
- from pons
- through foramen ovale
- to muscle of mastication and sensory area
what is the posterior 1/3 of the tongue nerve supplied by?
- CN9 (IX)
- taste and general sensation
what is the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue supplied by?
- CN 5 - CNV3 and CNVII
what is the course of the facial nerve and what does it supply?
- from pontomedullary junction
- travel through temporal bone via internal acoustic meatus then stylomastoid foramen
- to supply
- taste anterioe 2/3rds of tongue
- muscles of facial expression
- glands in floor of mouth (salivaiton)
what nerve supplys taste and parasympa?
- CN VIII = chorda tympani
- it connects to the lingual nerve ( CN C3)
what supplies the inferior hals of the oral cavity?
CN V3
what supplied the superior half of the oral cavity and palate?
- CN V2
what is the sensory part of the gag refex carried by?
- nerve fibres in CN IX
what is the motor part of the gag reflex carried by?
- nerve fibres in CN IX and CN X
what does spraying a local anaesthetic block?
- sensory action potentials in CN V2, CN V3, CN VII, CN IX
what is the course of CN V2
- from pons
- through foramen rotundum
- to sensory area (mid face)
what is the course of CN IX?
- from medulla
- through jugular foramen
- to the posterior wall of oropharync (sensory), paroti gland (secretomotor), and post 1/3rd of the tongue (sensation and taste)
where does the parotid glad secrete from?
- upper 2nd molar
where does the submandibular gland secrete via?
- lingual caruncle
where does the sublingual . gland secrete via?
- several ducts superiorly
what nerve supplied the parotid?
- CN IX
what nevre supplies the submandibular?
CN VII
what nerve supplies the sublingual?
CN VII
what do extrinsic muscles do to the tongue?
- chnage the position of the tongue during mastication, swallowing and speech
what do the skeletal intrinsic muscle do to the tongue?
- modify the shape of the tongue during function
what is the course of the hypoglossal nerves (CN XII)
- from medulla
- through hypoglossal canal
- to extrinsic and intrinsic muslce of tongue (expect palatoglossus)
what are the circular (constrictor) muscles of the pharynx innervated by?
- CN X (vagus)
what are the longitudinal muscle of the pharynx innervated by and what is their role?
- CN X NAD IX
- these elevate the larynx
in the oesophagus, what is the name of the upper sphnicter?
- circopharyngeus
what is the lower oesophageal sphincter in the oesophagus?
- physiological - not real
- produced by: contraction of diaphragm, intraabodminal pressure higher than intragastic pressure, oblique angle at which oesophagus enters the cardia of stomach
where is the pyloric sphincter found?
between stomach and duodenum
what is the foregut made up of?
- oesophagus to mid-duodenum
- liver + gall bladder
- spleen
- 1/2 of pancreas
what is the midgut made . up of?
- mis - duodenum to proximal 2/3rds of transverse colon
- 1/2 of pancreas
what is the hind gut made up of?
- distal 1/3rds of transverse colon to proximal 1/2 of anal canal
what is the first plane called?
SUBCOSTAL PLANE
what is the second plan called?
transtubercular plane
what is an intraperitoneal organ?
- almost completely covered in visceral peritoneum
- minimally mobile
- eg stomach
what is a retroperitoneal organ?
- only has visceral peritoneum on its anterior surface
- located in the retroperitoneum
what are organs with a mesentery?
- intraperitoneal
- covered in visceral peritoneum
- visceral peritoneum wraps behind the organ to form a double layer - mesentery
- mesentery suspends the organ from the posterior abdominal wall - very mobile
what are some intraperitoneal organs?
- liver and gall bladder
- stomach
- spleen
- parts of small intestine
- transverse colon
what are some retroperitoneal organs?
- kidneys
- adrenal gland
- pancreas
- ascending colon
- descending colon
what is mesentery formation?
- usually connects organ to posterior body wall
- transferes blood, lymph vessels, nerves, lymph nodes and fat
- provides high level of mobility
what is an omentum (greater and lesser ) formation?
- double layer of peritoneum that passes from stinach to adjacent organs
what is the peritoneal ligaments formation?
- double layer of peritoneum that connects organs to one another or body wall
what is the greater omentum?
- four layered
- hangs like apron
- attaches to the greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon
what is the lesser omentum?
- double layered
- runs between lesser curvature of stomach and duodenum to liver
- has a free edge
what are the greater and lesser sacs?
- omenta divides
- lesser sac is smaller
- two sacs communicate through the omental foramen
- the portal triad lies in the free edge of the lesser omentum
what ligament is associated with the lesser omentum?
- hepatogastric ligament
which sac is the peritoneum pouch located in?
the greater sac
what is acites?
- fluid in the abdomen
- commonly caused by liver disease eg cirrhosis or portal hypertension
what is abdoinocentesis?
- needle placed lateral to the rectus sheath so inferior epigastric artery is avoided
what does visceral pain feel like?
- from an organ
- dull
- achy
- nauseating
what does somatic pain feel like?
- from the body wall
- sharp
- stabbing
what is colicky pain?
- it comes and goes
how do postsynaptic sympathetic nerve fibres get to the gut?
- ## enter CNS but dont synapse until prevertebral gangia (2nd ones)
why is the adrenal gland unique?
- sympa nerve fibres leave the spinal cord, enter abdominopelvic shplanchnic nerves
- dont synapse at prevertebral ganglia
- are carried with periarterial plexus to the adrenal gland
- synapse directly onto cells
how does the CNX vagus nerve para sympathetic nerves get to the abdominal organs?
- they enter the abdomunak cavity surface of the oesophagus
- travel into the periarterial plexuses around the abdominal aorta
- carried to the walls of the organs where they synapse in ganglia
- supply para nerve fibres to the GI tract and abdominal organs up to the distal end of the transverse colon
where is foregut pain felt?
- epigastric region
where is midgut pain felt?
- umbilical region
where is hindgut paiin felt?
pubic regoin
where do foregut structures enter the spinal cord?
t6-t9
where do midgut structures enter the spinal cord?
T8-T12
where do the hindgut structures enter the spinal cord?
T12- L2
what is bilirubin?
- a normal by product of the breakdown of RBC and it mainly occurs in the spleen
- used to form bile
what does the gall bladder do in relation to bile?
it stores and concentrates it
what ribs are the liver usually protected by?
7-11
how many lobes does the liver have?
- 4 anatomical lobes
- 8 functional lobes
where is the portal triad located?
- in the hepatoduodenal in the lesser omentum
what is contained in the portal triad?
- hepatic portal vein
- hepatic artery proper
- bile
where does the coeliac trunk leave the aorta?
T12 vertebral level
what does the coeliac trunk supply?
- the organs of the forefront
what does the coeliac trunk trifurcate into?
- splenic artery
- left gastric artery
- commmon hepatic artery
what does the common hepatic artery turn into? how?
it lets off gas (gastroduodenal artery) in order to turn into the hepatic artery proper
how does bile flow in and out of the gallbladder?
via the cystic duct
where can the cystic artery be found?
- in the triangle of calot
what forms the heptic duct?
the right and left hepatic ducts
what forms the bile duct?
common hepatic duct and cystic duct
what are the 4 parts of the duodenum?
superior - duodenal cap
descending
horizontal
ascending
what part of the duodenum is part intraperitoneal?
the superior
what would pain from a duodenal ulcer present in?
epigastric region?
what are the 4 regions of the pancreas?
head, neck, body, tail
what is the uncinate process?
the hook of the head of the pancreas behind the vessels
where do the main pancreatic duct and the hepatopancreatic ampulla drain into?
- the major duodenal papilla
where does the accessory pancreatic duct drain into?
minor duodenal papilla
where do the duodenal papillas drain into?
2nd part of the duodenum
what is an ERCP?
investigation used to study bilary tree and pancreas
- endoscope inserted into duodenum
- cannula placed in major duodenal papilla and raio-opaque dye injected in
what is the anastamosis of hte duodenum and pancreas?
the superior pencreaticoduodenal artery (from gastroduodenal a) and the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (from aorta at A1)
where would pancreatic pain be felt?
epigastric/ umbilical region
radiate to the back
what is grey-turners sign?
bruising/purple in the right or left flank
seen in acute pancreatitis/haemorrhage
what is cullens sign?
around umbilicus via falciform ligamnet
seen in acute pancreatitis/haemorhage
what are the differences between the jejunum and the ileum?
colour - j = red, i=pink wall - j=thick and heavy, i=thinner and lighter vascularity j=more vascular, i = less vascular mesenteric fat j=less, i =more circular folds j=large, tall, closely packed fold i=low and sparse folds lymphoid tissue (peyers patches) = present in ileum
what is the course of the superior mesenteric artery?
- leaves aorta at L1 vertebral level
- posterior to the neck of the pancreas
- travels inferiorly, anterior to the uncinate process of pancreas to enter the mesentery proper
