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anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

which muscles are used to close the jaw?

A
  • temporalis
  • masseter
  • medial pterygoid
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2
Q

what muscle is used to open the jaw?

A
  • lateral pterygoid
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3
Q

where is the temporalis found?

A
  • coronoid process of mandible to temporal fossa
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4
Q

where is the masseter found?

A
  • angle of mandible to zygomatic arch
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5
Q

where is the lateral pterygoid found?

A
  • condyle of mandible to pterygoid plates of sphenoid bone
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6
Q

where is the medial pterygoid found?

A
  • angle of mandible (medial side) to pterygoid plates of sphenoid bone
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7
Q

what is the only nerve that comes off of the pons?

A

the trigeminal nerve - sensory and motor fibres

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8
Q

what is the course of the trigeminal nerve?

A
  • from pons
  • through foramen ovale
  • to muscle of mastication and sensory area
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9
Q

what is the posterior 1/3 of the tongue nerve supplied by?

A
  • CN9 (IX)

- taste and general sensation

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10
Q

what is the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue supplied by?

A
  • CN 5 - CNV3 and CNVII
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11
Q

what is the course of the facial nerve and what does it supply?

A
  • from pontomedullary junction
  • travel through temporal bone via internal acoustic meatus then stylomastoid foramen
  • to supply
  • taste anterioe 2/3rds of tongue
  • muscles of facial expression
  • glands in floor of mouth (salivaiton)
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12
Q

what nerve supplys taste and parasympa?

A
  • CN VIII = chorda tympani

- it connects to the lingual nerve ( CN C3)

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13
Q

what supplies the inferior hals of the oral cavity?

A

CN V3

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14
Q

what supplied the superior half of the oral cavity and palate?

A
  • CN V2
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15
Q

what is the sensory part of the gag refex carried by?

A
  • nerve fibres in CN IX
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16
Q

what is the motor part of the gag reflex carried by?

A
  • nerve fibres in CN IX and CN X
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17
Q

what does spraying a local anaesthetic block?

A
  • sensory action potentials in CN V2, CN V3, CN VII, CN IX
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18
Q

what is the course of CN V2

A
  • from pons
  • through foramen rotundum
  • to sensory area (mid face)
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19
Q

what is the course of CN IX?

A
  • from medulla
  • through jugular foramen
  • to the posterior wall of oropharync (sensory), paroti gland (secretomotor), and post 1/3rd of the tongue (sensation and taste)
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20
Q

where does the parotid glad secrete from?

A
  • upper 2nd molar
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21
Q

where does the submandibular gland secrete via?

A
  • lingual caruncle
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22
Q

where does the sublingual . gland secrete via?

A
  • several ducts superiorly
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23
Q

what nerve supplied the parotid?

A
  • CN IX
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24
Q

what nevre supplies the submandibular?

A

CN VII

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25
Q

what nerve supplies the sublingual?

A

CN VII

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26
Q

what do extrinsic muscles do to the tongue?

A
  • chnage the position of the tongue during mastication, swallowing and speech
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27
Q

what do the skeletal intrinsic muscle do to the tongue?

A
  • modify the shape of the tongue during function
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28
Q

what is the course of the hypoglossal nerves (CN XII)

A
  • from medulla
  • through hypoglossal canal
  • to extrinsic and intrinsic muslce of tongue (expect palatoglossus)
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29
Q

what are the circular (constrictor) muscles of the pharynx innervated by?

A
  • CN X (vagus)
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30
Q

what are the longitudinal muscle of the pharynx innervated by and what is their role?

A
  • CN X NAD IX

- these elevate the larynx

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31
Q

in the oesophagus, what is the name of the upper sphnicter?

A
  • circopharyngeus
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32
Q

what is the lower oesophageal sphincter in the oesophagus?

A
  • physiological - not real
  • produced by: contraction of diaphragm, intraabodminal pressure higher than intragastic pressure, oblique angle at which oesophagus enters the cardia of stomach
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33
Q

where is the pyloric sphincter found?

A

between stomach and duodenum

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34
Q

what is the foregut made up of?

A
  • oesophagus to mid-duodenum
  • liver + gall bladder
  • spleen
  • 1/2 of pancreas
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35
Q

what is the midgut made . up of?

A
  • mis - duodenum to proximal 2/3rds of transverse colon

- 1/2 of pancreas

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36
Q

what is the hind gut made up of?

A
  • distal 1/3rds of transverse colon to proximal 1/2 of anal canal
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37
Q

what is the first plane called?

A

SUBCOSTAL PLANE

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38
Q

what is the second plan called?

A

transtubercular plane

39
Q

what is an intraperitoneal organ?

A
  • almost completely covered in visceral peritoneum
  • minimally mobile
  • eg stomach
40
Q

what is a retroperitoneal organ?

A
  • only has visceral peritoneum on its anterior surface

- located in the retroperitoneum

41
Q

what are organs with a mesentery?

A
  • intraperitoneal
  • covered in visceral peritoneum
  • visceral peritoneum wraps behind the organ to form a double layer - mesentery
  • mesentery suspends the organ from the posterior abdominal wall - very mobile
42
Q

what are some intraperitoneal organs?

A
  • liver and gall bladder
  • stomach
  • spleen
  • parts of small intestine
  • transverse colon
43
Q

what are some retroperitoneal organs?

A
  • kidneys
  • adrenal gland
  • pancreas
  • ascending colon
  • descending colon
44
Q

what is mesentery formation?

A
  • usually connects organ to posterior body wall
  • transferes blood, lymph vessels, nerves, lymph nodes and fat
  • provides high level of mobility
45
Q

what is an omentum (greater and lesser ) formation?

A
  • double layer of peritoneum that passes from stinach to adjacent organs
46
Q

what is the peritoneal ligaments formation?

A
  • double layer of peritoneum that connects organs to one another or body wall
47
Q

what is the greater omentum?

A
  • four layered
  • hangs like apron
  • attaches to the greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon
48
Q

what is the lesser omentum?

A
  • double layered
  • runs between lesser curvature of stomach and duodenum to liver
  • has a free edge
49
Q

what are the greater and lesser sacs?

A
  • omenta divides
  • lesser sac is smaller
  • two sacs communicate through the omental foramen
  • the portal triad lies in the free edge of the lesser omentum
50
Q

what ligament is associated with the lesser omentum?

A
  • hepatogastric ligament
51
Q

which sac is the peritoneum pouch located in?

A

the greater sac

52
Q

what is acites?

A
  • fluid in the abdomen

- commonly caused by liver disease eg cirrhosis or portal hypertension

53
Q

what is abdoinocentesis?

A
  • needle placed lateral to the rectus sheath so inferior epigastric artery is avoided
54
Q

what does visceral pain feel like?

A
  • from an organ
  • dull
  • achy
  • nauseating
55
Q

what does somatic pain feel like?

A
  • from the body wall
  • sharp
  • stabbing
56
Q

what is colicky pain?

A
  • it comes and goes
57
Q

how do postsynaptic sympathetic nerve fibres get to the gut?

A
  • ## enter CNS but dont synapse until prevertebral gangia (2nd ones)
58
Q

why is the adrenal gland unique?

A
  • sympa nerve fibres leave the spinal cord, enter abdominopelvic shplanchnic nerves
  • dont synapse at prevertebral ganglia
  • are carried with periarterial plexus to the adrenal gland
  • synapse directly onto cells
59
Q

how does the CNX vagus nerve para sympathetic nerves get to the abdominal organs?

A
  • they enter the abdomunak cavity surface of the oesophagus
  • travel into the periarterial plexuses around the abdominal aorta
  • carried to the walls of the organs where they synapse in ganglia
  • supply para nerve fibres to the GI tract and abdominal organs up to the distal end of the transverse colon
60
Q

where is foregut pain felt?

A
  • epigastric region
61
Q

where is midgut pain felt?

A
  • umbilical region
62
Q

where is hindgut paiin felt?

A

pubic regoin

63
Q

where do foregut structures enter the spinal cord?

A

t6-t9

64
Q

where do midgut structures enter the spinal cord?

A

T8-T12

65
Q

where do the hindgut structures enter the spinal cord?

A

T12- L2

66
Q

what is bilirubin?

A
  • a normal by product of the breakdown of RBC and it mainly occurs in the spleen
  • used to form bile
67
Q

what does the gall bladder do in relation to bile?

A

it stores and concentrates it

68
Q

what ribs are the liver usually protected by?

A

7-11

69
Q

how many lobes does the liver have?

A
  • 4 anatomical lobes

- 8 functional lobes

70
Q

where is the portal triad located?

A
  • in the hepatoduodenal in the lesser omentum
71
Q

what is contained in the portal triad?

A
  • hepatic portal vein
  • hepatic artery proper
  • bile
72
Q

where does the coeliac trunk leave the aorta?

A

T12 vertebral level

73
Q

what does the coeliac trunk supply?

A
  • the organs of the forefront
74
Q

what does the coeliac trunk trifurcate into?

A
  • splenic artery
  • left gastric artery
  • commmon hepatic artery
75
Q

what does the common hepatic artery turn into? how?

A

it lets off gas (gastroduodenal artery) in order to turn into the hepatic artery proper

76
Q

how does bile flow in and out of the gallbladder?

A

via the cystic duct

77
Q

where can the cystic artery be found?

A
  • in the triangle of calot
78
Q

what forms the heptic duct?

A

the right and left hepatic ducts

79
Q

what forms the bile duct?

A

common hepatic duct and cystic duct

80
Q

what are the 4 parts of the duodenum?

A

superior - duodenal cap
descending
horizontal
ascending

81
Q

what part of the duodenum is part intraperitoneal?

A

the superior

82
Q

what would pain from a duodenal ulcer present in?

A

epigastric region?

83
Q

what are the 4 regions of the pancreas?

A

head, neck, body, tail

84
Q

what is the uncinate process?

A

the hook of the head of the pancreas behind the vessels

85
Q

where do the main pancreatic duct and the hepatopancreatic ampulla drain into?

A
  • the major duodenal papilla
86
Q

where does the accessory pancreatic duct drain into?

A

minor duodenal papilla

87
Q

where do the duodenal papillas drain into?

A

2nd part of the duodenum

88
Q

what is an ERCP?

A

investigation used to study bilary tree and pancreas

  • endoscope inserted into duodenum
  • cannula placed in major duodenal papilla and raio-opaque dye injected in
89
Q

what is the anastamosis of hte duodenum and pancreas?

A

the superior pencreaticoduodenal artery (from gastroduodenal a) and the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (from aorta at A1)

90
Q

where would pancreatic pain be felt?

A

epigastric/ umbilical region

radiate to the back

91
Q

what is grey-turners sign?

A

bruising/purple in the right or left flank

seen in acute pancreatitis/haemorrhage

92
Q

what is cullens sign?

A

around umbilicus via falciform ligamnet

seen in acute pancreatitis/haemorhage

93
Q

what are the differences between the jejunum and the ileum?

A 
colour - j = red, i=pink
wall - j=thick and heavy, i=thinner and lighter
vascularity j=more vascular, i = less vascular
mesenteric fat j=less, i  =more
circular folds j=large, tall, closely packed fold i=low and sparse folds
lymphoid tissue (peyers patches) = present in ileum
94
Q

what is the course of the superior mesenteric artery?

A
  • leaves aorta at L1 vertebral level
  • posterior to the neck of the pancreas
  • travels inferiorly, anterior to the uncinate process of pancreas to enter the mesentery proper

GI (8 decks)

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