anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
which muscles are used to close the jaw?
A
- temporalis
- masseter
- medial pterygoid
2
Q
what muscle is used to open the jaw?
A
- lateral pterygoid
3
Q
where is the temporalis found?
A
- coronoid process of mandible to temporal fossa
4
Q
where is the masseter found?
A
- angle of mandible to zygomatic arch
5
Q
where is the lateral pterygoid found?
A
- condyle of mandible to pterygoid plates of sphenoid bone
6
Q
where is the medial pterygoid found?
A
- angle of mandible (medial side) to pterygoid plates of sphenoid bone
7
Q
what is the only nerve that comes off of the pons?
A
the trigeminal nerve - sensory and motor fibres
8
Q
what is the course of the trigeminal nerve?
A
- from pons
- through foramen ovale
- to muscle of mastication and sensory area
9
Q
what is the posterior 1/3 of the tongue nerve supplied by?
A
- CN9 (IX)
- taste and general sensation
10
Q
what is the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue supplied by?
A
- CN 5 - CNV3 and CNVII
11
Q
what is the course of the facial nerve and what does it supply?
A
- from pontomedullary junction
- travel through temporal bone via internal acoustic meatus then stylomastoid foramen
- to supply
- taste anterioe 2/3rds of tongue
- muscles of facial expression
- glands in floor of mouth (salivaiton)
12
Q
what nerve supplys taste and parasympa?
A
- CN VIII = chorda tympani
- it connects to the lingual nerve ( CN C3)
13
Q
what supplies the inferior hals of the oral cavity?
A
CN V3
14
Q
what supplied the superior half of the oral cavity and palate?
A
- CN V2
15
Q
what is the sensory part of the gag refex carried by?
A
- nerve fibres in CN IX
16
Q
what is the motor part of the gag reflex carried by?
A
- nerve fibres in CN IX and CN X
17
Q
what does spraying a local anaesthetic block?
A
- sensory action potentials in CN V2, CN V3, CN VII, CN IX
18
Q
what is the course of CN V2
A
- from pons
- through foramen rotundum
- to sensory area (mid face)
19
Q
what is the course of CN IX?
A
- from medulla
- through jugular foramen
- to the posterior wall of oropharync (sensory), paroti gland (secretomotor), and post 1/3rd of the tongue (sensation and taste)
20
Q
where does the parotid glad secrete from?
A
- upper 2nd molar
21
Q
where does the submandibular gland secrete via?
A
- lingual caruncle
22
Q
where does the sublingual . gland secrete via?
A
- several ducts superiorly
23
Q
what nerve supplied the parotid?
A
- CN IX
24
Q
what nevre supplies the submandibular?
A
CN VII
25
what nerve supplies the sublingual?
CN VII
26
what do extrinsic muscles do to the tongue?
- chnage the position of the tongue during mastication, swallowing and speech
27
what do the skeletal intrinsic muscle do to the tongue?
- modify the shape of the tongue during function
28
what is the course of the hypoglossal nerves (CN XII)
- from medulla
- through hypoglossal canal
- to extrinsic and intrinsic muslce of tongue (expect palatoglossus)
29
what are the circular (constrictor) muscles of the pharynx innervated by?
- CN X (vagus)
30
what are the longitudinal muscle of the pharynx innervated by and what is their role?
- CN X NAD IX
| - these elevate the larynx
31
in the oesophagus, what is the name of the upper sphnicter?
- circopharyngeus
32
what is the lower oesophageal sphincter in the oesophagus?
- physiological - not real
- produced by: contraction of diaphragm, intraabodminal pressure higher than intragastic pressure, oblique angle at which oesophagus enters the cardia of stomach
33
where is the pyloric sphincter found?
between stomach and duodenum
34
what is the foregut made up of?
- oesophagus to mid-duodenum
- liver + gall bladder
- spleen
- 1/2 of pancreas
35
what is the midgut made . up of?
- mis - duodenum to proximal 2/3rds of transverse colon
| - 1/2 of pancreas
36
what is the hind gut made up of?
- distal 1/3rds of transverse colon to proximal 1/2 of anal canal
37
what is the first plane called?
SUBCOSTAL PLANE
38
what is the second plan called?
transtubercular plane
39
what is an intraperitoneal organ?
- almost completely covered in visceral peritoneum
- minimally mobile
- eg stomach
40
what is a retroperitoneal organ?
- only has visceral peritoneum on its anterior surface
| - located in the retroperitoneum
41
what are organs with a mesentery?
- intraperitoneal
- covered in visceral peritoneum
- visceral peritoneum wraps behind the organ to form a double layer - mesentery
- mesentery suspends the organ from the posterior abdominal wall - very mobile
42
what are some intraperitoneal organs?
- liver and gall bladder
- stomach
- spleen
- parts of small intestine
- transverse colon
43
what are some retroperitoneal organs?
- kidneys
- adrenal gland
- pancreas
- ascending colon
- descending colon
44
what is mesentery formation?
- usually connects organ to posterior body wall
- transferes blood, lymph vessels, nerves, lymph nodes and fat
- provides high level of mobility
45
what is an omentum (greater and lesser ) formation?
- double layer of peritoneum that passes from stinach to adjacent organs
46
what is the peritoneal ligaments formation?
- double layer of peritoneum that connects organs to one another or body wall
47
what is the greater omentum?
- four layered
- hangs like apron
- attaches to the greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon
48
what is the lesser omentum?
- double layered
- runs between lesser curvature of stomach and duodenum to liver
- has a free edge
49
what are the greater and lesser sacs?
- omenta divides
- lesser sac is smaller
- two sacs communicate through the omental foramen
- the portal triad lies in the free edge of the lesser omentum
50
what ligament is associated with the lesser omentum?
- hepatogastric ligament
51
which sac is the peritoneum pouch located in?
the greater sac
52
what is acites?
- fluid in the abdomen
| - commonly caused by liver disease eg cirrhosis or portal hypertension
53
what is abdoinocentesis?
- needle placed lateral to the rectus sheath so inferior epigastric artery is avoided
54
what does visceral pain feel like?
- from an organ
- dull
- achy
- nauseating
55
what does somatic pain feel like?
- from the body wall
- sharp
- stabbing
56
what is colicky pain?
- it comes and goes
57
how do postsynaptic sympathetic nerve fibres get to the gut?
- enter CNS but dont synapse until prevertebral gangia (2nd ones)
-
58
why is the adrenal gland unique?
- sympa nerve fibres leave the spinal cord, enter abdominopelvic shplanchnic nerves
- dont synapse at prevertebral ganglia
- are carried with periarterial plexus to the adrenal gland
- synapse directly onto cells
59
how does the CNX vagus nerve para sympathetic nerves get to the abdominal organs?
- they enter the abdomunak cavity surface of the oesophagus
- travel into the periarterial plexuses around the abdominal aorta
- carried to the walls of the organs where they synapse in ganglia
- supply para nerve fibres to the GI tract and abdominal organs up to the distal end of the transverse colon
60
where is foregut pain felt?
- epigastric region
61
where is midgut pain felt?
- umbilical region
62
where is hindgut paiin felt?
pubic regoin
63
where do foregut structures enter the spinal cord?
t6-t9
64
where do midgut structures enter the spinal cord?
T8-T12
65
where do the hindgut structures enter the spinal cord?
T12- L2
66
what is bilirubin?
- a normal by product of the breakdown of RBC and it mainly occurs in the spleen
- used to form bile
67
what does the gall bladder do in relation to bile?
it stores and concentrates it
68
what ribs are the liver usually protected by?
7-11
69
how many lobes does the liver have?
- 4 anatomical lobes
| - 8 functional lobes
70
where is the portal triad located?
- in the hepatoduodenal in the lesser omentum
71
what is contained in the portal triad?
- hepatic portal vein
- hepatic artery proper
- bile
72
where does the coeliac trunk leave the aorta?
T12 vertebral level
73
what does the coeliac trunk supply?
- the organs of the forefront
74
what does the coeliac trunk trifurcate into?
- splenic artery
- left gastric artery
- commmon hepatic artery
75
what does the common hepatic artery turn into? how?
it lets off gas (gastroduodenal artery) in order to turn into the hepatic artery proper
76
how does bile flow in and out of the gallbladder?
via the cystic duct
77
where can the cystic artery be found?
- in the triangle of calot
78
what forms the heptic duct?
the right and left hepatic ducts
79
what forms the bile duct?
common hepatic duct and cystic duct
80
what are the 4 parts of the duodenum?
superior - duodenal cap
descending
horizontal
ascending
81
what part of the duodenum is part intraperitoneal?
the superior
82
what would pain from a duodenal ulcer present in?
epigastric region?
83
what are the 4 regions of the pancreas?
head, neck, body, tail
84
what is the uncinate process?
the hook of the head of the pancreas behind the vessels
85
where do the main pancreatic duct and the hepatopancreatic ampulla drain into?
- the major duodenal papilla
86
where does the accessory pancreatic duct drain into?
minor duodenal papilla
87
where do the duodenal papillas drain into?
2nd part of the duodenum
88
what is an ERCP?
investigation used to study bilary tree and pancreas
- endoscope inserted into duodenum
- cannula placed in major duodenal papilla and raio-opaque dye injected in
89
what is the anastamosis of hte duodenum and pancreas?
the superior pencreaticoduodenal artery (from gastroduodenal a) and the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (from aorta at A1)
90
where would pancreatic pain be felt?
epigastric/ umbilical region
| radiate to the back
91
what is grey-turners sign?
bruising/purple in the right or left flank
| seen in acute pancreatitis/haemorrhage
92
what is cullens sign?
around umbilicus via falciform ligamnet
| seen in acute pancreatitis/haemorhage
93
what are the differences between the jejunum and the ileum?
```
colour - j = red, i=pink
wall - j=thick and heavy, i=thinner and lighter
vascularity j=more vascular, i = less vascular
mesenteric fat j=less, i =more
circular folds j=large, tall, closely packed fold i=low and sparse folds
lymphoid tissue (peyers patches) = present in ileum
```
94
what is the course of the superior mesenteric artery?
- leaves aorta at L1 vertebral level
- posterior to the neck of the pancreas
- travels inferiorly, anterior to the uncinate process of pancreas to enter the mesentery proper
