last min tings <3

Question 1

what is smooth muscle coupled by

Answer 1

gap junctions

Question 2

what is the indirect pathway of gastic secretion

Answer 2

ach and gastrin stimulating ECL - resulting in histamine which acts on the partietal cell

Question 3

give exmalpes of PGE antagonists

Answer 3

NSAIDS

Question 4

what do you give alongside NSAIDS

Answer 4

misoprostol - a PGE1 analougue

Question 5

examples of mucosal strenghtneres

Answer 5

sucralfate and bismuth chealate

Question 6

what suppresses peristalsis

Answer 6

CCK and gastrin

Question 7

what is the oder of carbs

Answer 7

polysarrharides
ogliosaccharides
monosaccharides

Question 8

what must all dietry carbs be converted to

Answer 8

monosahharides for absoption

Question 9

what does B12 bind to before binding to intrinsic faactor

Answer 9

hapatocorin

Question 10

what controls the defeacation reflec

Answer 10

pudenal nerves

Question 11

what is an exampled of a simulant purgitave

Answer 11

bisacodyl

Question 12

what is an example of a faecal softener

Answer 12

docusate sodium

Question 13

how are fatty acids oxidised

Answer 13

through b oxidation

Question 14

what do a4-b7 and madcam-1 do

Answer 14

allow lymphoctes to move into the assocaited tissue and into the gut

Question 15

treatment of allergic oesophagitis

Answer 15

steroids, chromoglycate and montelukast

Question 16

what are squamous papilloma associated with

Answer 16

HPV

Question 17

what is the first type of gastric adenocarcinoma

Answer 17

interstitial
form polypoid mass/ exophytic
tumuors have rolled up edges
h pylori assocaited

Question 18

what is the second type of gastric adenocarcinoma

Answer 18

expands / infiltrates the stomach wall

signet ring on histology

Question 19

gastic lymphom

Answer 19

b cell

Question 20

how to treat diverticular disease

Answer 20

uncomplicated - antibiotcs

complicacated - drainage, hartmanns procedure

Question 21

which patients is hairy leukoplkia seen in

Answer 21

HIV patients and EBV patients

Question 22

what do you do when there are ALARM symtpoms in dyspepsia

Answer 22

test for h pylori

Question 23

what is tropical sprue

Answer 23

colonisation of intestine by infectous agent in the carribrenas - cause is unknown

Question 24

whipples disease

Answer 24

caused by tropheryma whipplei
required antibiotics
middle agend man

Question 25

how to treat a carcinoid of the appendix

Answer 25

<1cm - addpendectomy | >2cm - complete right hemi colon

Question 26

treatment of small bowel obstructuvion

Answer 26

nasogastric tube to decompress the stomach

Question 27

what are kuppfer cells

Answer 27

macrophages which remove bacterial matter and dead RBC which produced bilirubin

Question 28

what are stellate celles

Answer 28

store via A and are within the space of disse, may deposit collagen, beginning liver cirrhosis

Question 29

treatment of gallstones

Answer 29

laparoscopic cholecystectomy ursodeoxyxholic acid morphine buprenophrine atropine or GN

Question 30

what does CPY450 do

Answer 30

makes the drug have an OH group

Question 31

what does UDP-GT do

Answer 31

adds a larger group onto the OH

Question 32

how to treat hepatic encephalophy

Answer 32

laculose (converts ammonia into ammonium) and antibiotics eg rifaximin

Question 33

who gets NASH

Answer 33

non - drinkers

Question 34

what si compensated cirrhosis

Answer 34

clinically normal, incidental finding | symptoms - spider naevi

Question 35

what is decompensated cirrhosis

Answer 35

liver failure - end staege | jaundice, ascites, encelophaty

Question 36

where is the fundus of gall bladder loacted

Answer 36

L1

Question 37

what is a paediatric inguinal hernia assocaited with

Answer 37

processes vaginalis

Question 38

inx for appendicitis

Answer 38

US

Question 39

treatment of achalasi

Answer 39

CCBs and nitrates botox cardiomyotomy, baloon oesophageal dilation

Question 40

what cancer is assoc with pulmmer vinson syndrome

Answer 40

oesophageal adenocarcinoma

Question 41

inx for gastroperesis

Answer 41

oesophageal mamometry

Question 42

inx for malabsoprtion

Answer 42

FBC, coagultion, LFTs and then endoscopy / imaging

Question 43

when to offer a lower GI test ofr IBS

Answer 43

if >50

Question 44

treatement for IBS

Answer 44

stop opiates and analgesia loperamide antispasmodics - mebeverine amitryptiling

Question 45

what are some symptoms of acute mesenteric ischaemia

Answer 45

pain out of proption, no abdo signs, rapid hypovolaemia, constant/central/RIF pain

Question 46

treatment of acute mesenteric ischaemic

Answer 46

metro and gent - due to the mucosal damage

Question 47

inx of mesenteric ischaemia

Answer 47

CT angiogrpahy at laparotomy

Question 48

inx of meckels

Answer 48

radionucleotide scan and laparptomy

Question 49

what is trulove and witts criteria

Answer 49

>6 blood stools/day + 1 of fever, tahcy, anaemia, elevated ERS = severe UC

Question 50

invx of bowel obstruction

Answer 50

abdo xray

Question 51

things with short incubtation times

Answer 51

bacillus ceurss and staph aureus

Question 52

things with medium incubation times

Answer 52

salmonella nad c perfingens

Question 53

things with long incubation time

Answer 53

campylobacter and e coli and giardiasis and enteric fever

Question 54

how to treat enteric fever

Answer 54

cefiriaxone

Question 55

leptin

Answer 55

reduced levels minic starvation

Question 56

insulin

Answer 56

inhibit food intake

Question 57

orlistat

Answer 57

inhibits pancreas uuptake so decreases TAG absoption

Question 58

direct inguinal hernia is caused by

Answer 58

weak posterior wall

Question 59

prehepatic jaunice

Answer 59

excess haem production eg malena - increased unconjugated bilirubin

Question 60

intrahepatic jaundice

Answer 60

hepatocellular damage leading to intrahepatic choelsista eg viral drugs - increased conjugated or unconjugate bilirubin

Question 61

post hepatic jaundice

Answer 61

obsruction to bile flow from liver eg gallbladder - increased conjugated bilirubin

Question 62

symptomas of carcinoid tumours

Answer 62

flushing, wheexing, diarrhoea

Question 63

t1

Answer 63

no deeper than mucosa

Question 64

t2

Answer 64

not through muscularis

Question 65

t3

Answer 65

though muscularis propria

Question 66

t4

Answer 66

tumour has directly invaded other organs

Question 67

whats in the hepatoduodenal ligament

Answer 67

CBD, portal vein, proper hepatic artery