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Block C: Circulation > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

When does the mitral valve closes?

A

When the intraventricular pressure rises above that of the atrium

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2
Q

What is the period between the closure of the mitral valve and the opening of the aortic valve?

A

Isovolumetric contraction phase

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3
Q

What is the Windkessel Effect?

A

During diastole, arterial pressure is maintained by elastic recoil on the walls of the aorta

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4
Q

What is the isovolumetric relaxation phase?

A

Interval between aortic valve closure and mitral valve opening

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5
Q

What represents the first (small bump) on the Wiggers Diagram?

A

Atrial contraction to fill the ventricle

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6
Q

On the Wiggers Diagram, why is there a plateau between the systolic and diastolic phase? What is the name of this plateau?

A

Incisura/diacrotic notch

It represents the aortic blood flow going backwards to fill the aortic leaflets (cusps)

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7
Q

What is the ejection fraction?

A

Stroke volume
_____________
End-distolic volume

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8
Q

What is an normal ejection fraction?

A

55-70%

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9
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A

Highest arterial pressure at peak ventricular contraction

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10
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A

Lowest recorded blood pressure at the end of diastole

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11
Q

Systolic BP - Diastolic BP =

A

Pulse pressure

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12
Q

Mean arterial pressure =

A

Diastolic BP + 1/3 Pulse pressure

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13
Q

On the pressure-volume loop, the curve [aortic valve closing]-[mitral valve opening]-[mitral valve closing] is what?

A

Diastole

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14
Q

On the pressure-volume loop, the curve [mitral valve closing]-[aortic valve opening]-[aortic valve closing] is what?

A

Systole

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15
Q

What is EDPVR?

A

End-diastolic pressure-volume relation (pressure-volume relation during cardiac filling)

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16
Q

What is ESPVR?

A

End-systolic pressure-volume relation (pressure-volume relation at aortic valve closure)

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17
Q

If left ventricle is less compliant, EDPVR curve will…

A

Shift upward

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18
Q

End diastolic volume (EDV) - End systolic volume (ESV) =

A

Stroke volume

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19
Q

What are the three determinants of stroke volume?

A

Ventricular prepload
Ventricular afterload
Ventricular contractility

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20
Q

What is Frank-Starling’s Law?

A

Ceteris Paribus, stroke volume increases as cardiac filling increases

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21
Q

Increase in preload leads to what?

A

Higher end-diastolic volume

Higher stroke volume

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22
Q

Decrease in preload leads to what?

A

Less end-diastolic volume

Less stroke volume

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23
Q

Afterload (wall stress) is proportional to what?

A

Mean arterial pressure

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24
Q

Pressure in ventricle x Radius
________________ =
2x wall thickness

A

Afterload

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25
Hypertension and aortic valve stenosis is associated with
High afterload
26
Increase in afterload leads to what?
Decrease stroke volume
27
Decrease in afterload leads to what?
Increased stroke volume
28
What is contractility?
Strength of heart's contraction during systole
29
With respect to contractibility, norepinephrine will...
Increase contractibility
30
Increased contractibility will lead to what?
Decreased end-systolic volume | Higher stroke volume
31
Decreased contractibility will lead to what?
Higher end-systolic volume | Decreased stroke volume
32
Positive chronotropic effect leads to what?
Higher heart rate
33
Positive inotropic effect leads to what?
Higher contractibility
34
What is Fick's formula?
Cardiac output = VO2/(ConcO2a-ConcO2v)
35
Usinf the thermodilution method, the cooler the blood...
The smaller the cardiac output
36
Diffusion coefficient x Concentration gradient =
Flux (flow per unit area)
37
Diffusion coefficient x ((ConcOut - ConcIn)/thickness) =
Flux
38
What is 1 unit of blood?
450ml
39
What is the usual cardiac ouput?
5L/min
40
Hydrostatic pressure =
Density (p) x Height x Gravity
41
Perfusion pressure/Resistance =
Flow
42
Within a vessel, where is the blood the fastest?
At the center
43
Mean arterial pressure/Cardiac output =
Total periphery resistance
44
According to Poisseule's Law, with respect to resistance, the higher the radius...
The lower the resistance
45
Who recorded the first heart's current?
Einthoven
46
Normally, what is the polarity of a cell?
The inside of a cell is negative, and the outside is positive
47
The T-wave refers to what?
Repolarization
48
If the recording is negative, what does that mean?
The flow of polarization went from negative to positive
49
Lead aVR goes from where to where?
From the center of body to right arm
50
Lead aVL goes from where to where?
From the center of the body to left leg
51
Lead aLA goes from where to where?
From the center of the body to left arm
52
Lead I goes from where to where?
From right arm to left arm
53
Lead II goes from where to where?
From right arm to left leg
54
Lead III goes from where to where?
From left arm to left leg
55
What is the name of the first downward deflection, after the P wave?
Q-wave
56
What is the name of the first upward deflection, after the P wave?
R-wave
57
What is the name of the downward deflection after the Q or R wave?
S-wave
58
ST segment is normally isoelectric (it's a the baseline level). If it moves up or downwards, what does it mean?
The heart is lacking oxygen
59
A sinus rhythm of less than 60beats/min is a sign of what?
Sinus bradycardia
60
A sinus rhythm of more than 100beats/min is a sign of what?
Sinus tachycardia
61
From a birds view, what is the angle of the lead V1?
100
62
From a birds view, what is the angle of the lead V2?
80
63
From a birds view, what is the angle of the lead V3?
75
64
From a birds view, what is the angle of the lead V4?
60
65
From a birds view, what is the angle of the lead V5?
30
66
From a birds view, what is the angle of the lead V6?
0
67
Mean systemic filling pressure =
Peripheral venous pressure
68
What are the characteristics of central venous compartments?
Small system compared to peripheral venous compartments Intrathoracic Includes venae cava and right atrium
69
Which has the bigger volume, peripheral or central venous compartments?
Peripheral venous compartments
70
Which is most compliant, peripheral or central venous compartments?
Peripheral venous compartments
71
What is the name of the actual pressure that would exist throughout the system in the absence of flow?
Mean systemic filling pressure
72
What is the name of the rate at which blood gets to central venous compartment?
``` Venous return (normally equal to cardiac output) ```
73
Rising the central venous pressure will temporarely do what?
Increase cardiac output | Decrease venous return
74
Peripheral venous press - central venous press _____ Venous resistance
Flow
75
What happens if central venous pressure falls below the intrathoracic pressure?
Thin-walled veins in the thorax will collapse
76
What happens to the venous function curve when peripheral venous pressure increases?
Shifts upwards and to the right
77
What happens to the venous function curve when peripheral venous pressure decreases?
Shifts downward and to the left
78
What is the instrument that allows the assessment of the left atrial pressure?
Swan-Ganz catheter (aka pulmonary artery catheter)
79
Variation of volume ____ Variation of pressure
Compliance
80
When someone stands up, the arterial pressure drops momentarily. What does it do with respect to cardiac output, contractility and stroke volume?
Decrease cardiac output Decrease stroke volume Increase contractility
81
When someone stands up, the arterial pressure drops momentarily. What does it do with respect to central blood volume, heart rate and total peripheral resistance?
Decrease central blood volume Increase heart rate Increase peripheral resistance
82
Is there a venodilatation when someone stands up?
No. There's venoconstriction
83
Cardiac ouput x total periphery resistance =
Mean arterial pressure
84
What happens to plasma volume when you stand up?
You lose plasma volume (which explains why you lose central blood volume)
85
During exercise, after correction, what happens to heart rate, cardiac output and mean arterial pressure?
All three increase
86
During exercise, after correction, what happens to stroke volume?
Stroke volume increase slightly, but will decrease at high heart rate
87
During exercise, after correction, what happens to total periphery resistance and arteriovenous oxygen difference?
Decreased total periphery resistance | Increase arteriovenous oxygen difference
88
Will endurance training increase the maximum heart rate?
No
89
Exercise will increase blood flow to which systems?
Skin Skeletal muscle Heart

Block C: Circulation (10 decks)

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