Physiology Flashcards
Pronephros develops at what week of development
4th week
Mesonephros develops at what week of development
5th week
Adult derivatives of the mesonephros
Mesonephric ducts:
- Men: ureters, ductus epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct
- Females: ureters
Metanephros develops at what week of development
5th week
Early degeneration of the ureteric bud leads to the development of what pathology
Renal agenesis
Formula for volumen of a compartment
V = A/C
- Volume of the compartment to be measured
- A = amount of tracer
- C = concentration of the tracer in the compartment to be measured
Macromolecule present in the glomerular basement membrane that gives it a negative charge
Heparan sulfate
Formula for filtration fraction
FF = GFR/RPF (normal value is 20%)
Formula for filtered load
Filtered load = GFR x plasma concentration of the drug being filtered
Formula for GFR
GFR = urine concentration x urine flow / plasma concentration
*Same as CLEARANCE!
Formulas for RBF
- RBF = RPF / (1-hematocrit)
* RBF = (renal artery pressure - renal vein pressure) / renal vascular resistance
Organic anions secreted by renal tubules
- Penicillin
- Furosemide
- Acetazolamide
- Salicylate
Plasma glucose at which nephron glucose transporters reach Tmax
350 mg/dL
PTH actions on the kidney
- Increases distal tubule calcium reabsorption
- Decreases proximal tubule phosphate reabsorption
- Increases proximal tubule 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D
Most common site of obstruction in a newborn due to failure to canalize
Ureteropelvic junction
A horseshoe kidney is formed due to entrapment of the ascending developing kidneys in which structure
Inferior mesenteric artery
Formula for excretion rate
V x Ux
Causes of potassium shifts out of the cell
“DO LABSS”
- Digitalis
- Osmolarity (hyper)
- Lysis of cells
- Acidosis
- Beta blocker
- Sugar (high blood sugar, insulin deficiency)
- Succinylcholine
Winter’s formula (predicted respiratory compensation for a simple metabolic acidosis)
Pco2 = 1.5 (HCO3) + 8 +/- 2
Causes of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis
“HARDASS”
- Hyperalimentation
- Addison disease
- Renal tubular acidosis
- Diarrhea
- Acetazolamide
- Spironolactone
- Saline infusion
Urinary chloride levels to determine if a metabolic alkalosis is chloride responsive or nonresponsive
- Greater than 10 = chloride responsive (vomiting and diuretics)
- Less than 10 = chloride nonresponsive (mineralocorticoid excess)
Plasma glucose levels at which glucosuria is evident
160 - 200 mg/dl
Mechanism through which renal blood flow (RBF) is regulated as systolic blood pressure (SBP) increases (autoregulation mechanism)
Afferent arteriolar constriction
Main mechanisms through which autoregulation takes place
- Myogenic response (main, rapid): vascular smooth muscle cells contract in response to increased wall tension
- Tubuloglomerular feedback: increased SBP leads to increased GFR, which in turn leads to increase NaCl delivery to the macula densa (MD); MD then ATP and adenosine, which in turn stimulate contraction of the afferent arteriole
Inhibitors of ADH release
- High vascular volume
- Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
- Alcohol
Apart from water, ADH stimulates the reabsorption of which molecule in urine
Urea, in the medullary collecting tubule
Nephron segment derived from the ureteric buds
Collecting ducts
