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Principles > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

features of the membrane

A

selectively permeable
maintains ion conc
fluid

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2
Q

phospholipid stucture

A

head is hydrophillic -ve

tail is non-polar hydrophobic

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3
Q

what can and cannot cross the membrane?

A

can: small uncharged moleucles eg o2 h20

ions cannot cross

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4
Q

functions of the cell membrane

A

maintain fluidity
barrier to molecules
structure

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5
Q

difference between transmembrane, peripheral and integral proteins

A

transmembrane: integral proteins that spans the entirety of the membrane
peripheral: not embedded
integral: embedded

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6
Q

difference between channels and pumps

A

channels allow passive flow

pumps: use energy to drive against concentration gradient

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7
Q

different types of cell junctions and function

A

gap junctions: allow charge to flow between cells
desmosones: anchors cells together
tight junctions: join the lateral edges of epithelial cells`

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8
Q

cholesterol in cell membranes

A

gives membrane stability

ensures not too fluid

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9
Q

factors affecting diffusion

A

1) conc gradient
2) surface area of membrane
3) lipid solubility of membrane
4) molecular weight
5) distance through which diffusion must take place

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10
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

difference in charge between 2 areas

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11
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane down a concentration gradient

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12
Q

osmolarity

A

concentration of osmotically active particles present in a solution

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13
Q

tonicity

A

the ability of an extracellular solution to influence the movement of water in or out of a cell by osmosis

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14
Q

hypotonic

A

less solute and more water than another solution

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15
Q

hypertonic

A

more solute and less water than another solution

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16
Q

isotonic

A

same amount of water and solute than another solution

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17
Q

2 types of selective transport

A

carrier mediated transport and vesicular transport

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18
Q

carrier mediated transport and 2 types

A

substance binds to a carrier and undergoes a conformational change that transports the substance

2 types: facilitated diffusion and active transport

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19
Q

difference between primary and secondary active transport

A

primary: directly requires energy
secondary: an ion supplies the driving force

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20
Q

symport in active transport

A

ion(Na) and solute move in the same direction

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21
Q

antiport in active transport

A

na and solute move in opposite direction

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22
Q

vesicular transport and types

A

movement of substances across a vesicle membrane

exocytosis: ejects substances
endocytosis: moves into cells

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23
Q

tissue

A

a group of cells with similar structure and function

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24
Q

organ

A

2 or more tissues that function together for a particular function

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25
Q

system

A

a group of organs working together for for a related function

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26
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of a steady state within our bodies

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27
Q

what must a physiological control system be able to do?

A

sense deviation
integrate the information
make adjustments

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28
Q

intrinsic control system

A

local controls inherent in an organ

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29
Q

extrinsic control system

A

mechanisms initiated outwith an organ e.g. by hormonal or nervous control

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30
Q

feedforward

A

changes made in anticipation of a change

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31
Q

feedback

A

changes made after the change has been detected

2 types : positive and negative

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32
Q

differences between positive and negative feedback systems

A

positive: amplifies an initial change
negative: opposes an initial change

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33
Q

what should core body temperature be

A

37.8: normothermia

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34
Q

diurinal variation in body temp

A

temp is lowest in the AM

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35
Q

where to measure temperature

A

ear: 35.5-37.5
rectal: 36.7-37.5

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36
Q

sensor, control centre and effector of temp control

A

sensor: central and peripheral thermoreceptors
control centre: hypothalamus
effectors: behaviour, skeletal muscle, sweat glands, skin arterioles

37
Q

difference between anterior and posterior hypothamalus

A

posterior hypothalamus: activated by cold

anterior hypothalamus: activated by warmth

38
Q

mechanisms of a fever

A

chemicals from macrophages (infection) stimulate the release of prostaglandins, rests at a higher temp so the body initiates mechanisms to inc temp

39
Q

hyperthermia

A

extreme uncontrolled increase in body temp above 40

40
Q

hypothermia

A

drop in body temp below 35`

41
Q

blood pressure

A

the outward hydrostatic pressure exerted on the walls o the blood vessel by blood

42
Q

difference between top and bottom number of BP

A

top: systolic: BP when the heart contracts
bottom: diastolic: BP when the heart relaxes

43
Q

hypertension

A

blood pressure equal to or more than 140/90

44
Q

pulse pressure

A

difference between diastolic and systolic blood pressure

45
Q

mean arterial blood pressure and how to calculate it and normal range

A

avg blood pressure during a single cardiac cycle ((2xdiastolic) + systolic )/3

shoul be between 70-105

46
Q

baroreceptor

A

receptor sensitive to pressure change`

47
Q

how to calculate MAP

A

COxSVR

48
Q

systemic vascular resistance

A

the sum of the resistance of all the vasculature in the systemic circulation

49
Q

autorhythmicity

A

heart is capable of beating rhythmically in the absence of external stimulus

50
Q

major resistance vessels

A

arterioles

51
Q

what regulates systemic vascular resistance?

A

smooth muscle

52
Q

neurotransmitter and receptor of vascular smooth muscle

A

neurotransmitter is noradrenaline acting on α r

eceptors

53
Q

vasomotor tone

A

smooth muscles are partially constricted at rest due to the discharge of sympathetic nerves resulting in the release of adrenaline

54
Q

effect of increasing sympathetic discharge

A

increased release of adrenaline resulting in increased vasomotor tone ie vasoconstriction

55
Q

effect of decreasing sympathetic discharge

A

decreased release of adrenaline, resulting in reduced vasomotor done ie vasodilation

56
Q

membrane potential

A

difference in charge across a membrane

the membrane itself is not charged

57
Q

resting membrane potential

A

constant in non-excitable cells, and in excitable cells at rest.

58
Q

membrane potential abbreviation

A

Em

59
Q

cation

A

positively charged ion eg Na and K

60
Q

conc gradients of K and Na

A

K- potassiout

na-sodin

61
Q

opposing factors that act on K

A

the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient

62
Q

equilibrium potential for K

A

when the concentration and chemical gradients for K balance out and there is no net movement

63
Q

what is Em close too and why

A

it is close to E: the resting potential of potassium

it is not identical as there is a small influx of sodium

64
Q

anion

A

negative ion

65
Q

glycocalyx layer

A

short carbohydrate chains bound to proteins and lipids

66
Q

is the membrane more permeable to K or Na?

A

K

67
Q

where are BP baroreceptors found?

A

aortic arch and carotid sinus

68
Q

normal glucose

A

5mmol

69
Q

fever is a temperature of?

A

38-40

70
Q

function of carbohydrates in cell membrane

A

self-identity markers enabling cells to identify and interact with one another

71
Q

3 roles of the Na/K pump

A

control cell volume
control solute concentration
energy used to drive the pump indirectly serves as an energy source for secondary active transport

72
Q

resting membrane potential of a nerve cell

A

-70

73
Q

hormones contorlling glucose

A

in absorptive and postabsorptive states: insulin and glucagon (pancreas)
in emergencies: glucagon (adrenal gland)
during starvation: Cortisol (adrenal) and growth hormone (pituitary)

74
Q

Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans

A

clusters of cells in the pancreas that produce hormones

75
Q

what is glucagon

A

hormone

76
Q

what cells produce somatostatin

A

delta

77
Q

what cells produce glucagon

A

alpha

78
Q

what cells produce insulin

A

beta

79
Q

insulin

A

hormone of the fed state
favours anabolism

Lowers glucose by stimulating uptake from blood and activating liver enzymes
1

80
Q

glucagon

A

favours catabolism
hormone of the hungry state
Raises glucose by increasing glycogenolysis, inhibiting liver glycogen synthesis, promoting liver gluconeogenesis

81
Q

what causes insulin to be secreted?

A

Increased glucose, amino acids, parasympathetic activity, glucagon, GIP

82
Q

what stops insulin being secreted?

A

Decreased glucose, increased sympathetic activity

83
Q

what causes glucagon to be released?

A

Decreased blood glucose
Amino acids
Sympathetic nerve activity

84
Q

what inhibits glucagons release

A

Raised blood glucose

Insulin

85
Q

diabetes mellitus type 1

A

o Early onset
o Little/no insulin secretion
o Defect in beta cells
o Insulin injections required

86
Q

diabetes type 2

A

o Adult onset
o Insulin secretion may be normal
o Defect in insulin sensitivity
o Diet/exercise/oral drugs

87
Q

adrenaline

A
  • Raises glucose
  • Stimulates glycogenolysis
  • Stimulates gluconeogenesis
  • Released during short term emergencies
88
Q

cortisol

A
  • Raises glucose
  • Stimulates protein catabolism
  • Stimulates gluconeogenesis
  • Stimulates lipolysis
  • Not important for rapid mobilisation of fuel
89
Q

growth hormone

A
  • Anterior lobe of pituitary
  • In response to starvation
    o Decreases glucose uptake by muscle
    o Mobilises glucose from liver
    o Promotes lipolysis in fat cells

Principles (6 decks)

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