Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Main component of cell membrane

A

Phospholipids - Hydrophillic head and hydrophobic tail

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2
Q

What is Glycocalyx

A

A glycoprotein and glycolipid covering that surrounds the cell membrane of some bacteria

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3
Q

What is pulse pressure

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Normally between 30-50 mmHg

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4
Q

How to measure mean arterial blood pressure

A

MAP = (2 * Systolic + Diastolic) / 3 (or)
MAP = Diastolic + 1/3 Pulse pressure;
70-105 mmHg is normal

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5
Q

Where is the cardiovascular control centre?

A

Medulla oblongata

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6
Q

Where are the baroreceptors located?

A

Arch of aorta and carotid sinus

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7
Q

What nerves pass on the signal from the barereceptors to the cardiovascular control centre?

A
Vagus nerve (10th) from aortic baroreceptors
Herings nerve, branch of the Glossopharayngeal nerve (9th) from carotid baroreceptor
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8
Q

Mean arterial pressure formula

A

MAP = Cardiac output * SVR

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9
Q

Intrinsic control of stroke volume

A

Frank Sterling Mechanism

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10
Q

Receptors present on vascular smooth muscles

A

Alpha receptors

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11
Q

What is vasomotor tone?

A

Vascular smooth muscles are partially constricted at rest due to tonic discharge of sympathetic nerves causing a continuous release of noradrenaline

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12
Q

Ficks law of diffusion

A

Increasing the following has the following effects -
Concentration gradient - Increases diffusion
Surface area of membrane - Increases
Lipid solubility - Increases
Molecular weight - Decreases
Distance - Decreases

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13
Q

What happens in hypertonic conditions?

A

Cells lose water and shrink

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14
Q

What happens in hypotonic conditions?

A

Water diffuses into cells; they swell

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15
Q

Characteristics to determine kind and amount of material transported

A

Specificity
Saturation
Competition

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16
Q

Forms of carrier mediated transport

A
Facilitated diffusion (No energy)
Active transport (Energy expended) - Can be primary or secondary
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17
Q

Types of secondary active transport

A

Symport - Solute and ion supplying driving force (typically Na) move in same direction
Antiport - Solute and ion supplying force move in opposite direction

18
Q

Where is the temperature control centre?

A

Hypothalamus

19
Q

What are the hypothalamic controls?

A

Anterior - Activated by warmth

Posterior - Activated by cold

20
Q

Skin arteriole response to told

A

Vasoconstriction - Blood flow to skin decreased

21
Q

What’s responsible for electrical properties of membrane

A

Unequal distribution and selective movement through plasma membrane

22
Q

What pump creates the Na/K gradient

A

The Na/K channel pumps 3 Na out of the cell for 2 K in

23
Q

At resting potential, what is the membrane more permeable to

24
Q

Why is the inside of membrane more negative

A

Due to large intracellular negatively charged protein

25
What ions are present outside and inside the membrane
Sodium (Na+) and Chlorine (Cl-) on the outside | Potassium (K+) and Anionic protein (A-) inside
26
Equilibrium and membrane potential
ENa = +60mV, Ek= -90mV and Em = -70mV
27
Importance of membrane potential
Generate action potential, muscle contraction, secretion of Insulin from pancreatic Beta-cells
28
Why is membrane potential less negative than equilibrium potential for Potassium
Due to slow constant influx of Sodium
29
What is homeostasis
Arrest of bleeding and maintenance of vascular patency
30
Primary vs secondary homeostasis
Primary - Formation of platelet plug | Secondary - Formation of fibrin clot
31
How are platelets formed
By 'budding' or breaking away from Megakaryocytes
32
What does endothelial wall damage release
Collagen is exposed and Von Willebrand Factor release
33
What is Thrombocytopenia
Reduced numbers of Platelets
34
Formation of fibrin clot
Prothrombin is converted to Thrombin via factor Xa. Thrombin then converts fibrinogen to fibrin
35
How does Fibrinolysis work
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) converts Plasminogen to Plasmin. Plasmin degrades Fibrin into Fibrin Degradation Products
36
Name some naturally occurring anticoagulants
Serine protease inhibitors, Protein C and Protein S
37
What is Thrombomodulin
Integral membrane protein that is a cofactor for Thrombin. Reduces blood coagulation by converting Thrombin to anticoagulant enzyme from procoagulant enzyme. This forms an anticoagulation complex consisting of Protein C and S. This inhibits factors V, VIII
38
What is arterial thrombosis rich in
Platelet rich thrombus, white in colour
39
Stroke vs unstable angina/MI
Stroke is thrombosis in cerebral arteries whereas unstable angina/MI is coronary arteries
40
What is venous thrombosis rich in
RBC and fibrin rich, red in colour
41
Treatment of arterial vs venous clots
Arterial clot - Antiplatelet such as Aspirin | Venous clot - Anticoagulant such as Heparin/Warfarin
42
Virchows triad
Stasis, Endothelial injury, Hypercoagulability