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Principles > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Main component of cell membrane

A

Phospholipids - Hydrophillic head and hydrophobic tail

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2
Q

What is Glycocalyx

A

A glycoprotein and glycolipid covering that surrounds the cell membrane of some bacteria

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3
Q

What is pulse pressure

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Normally between 30-50 mmHg

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4
Q

How to measure mean arterial blood pressure

A

MAP = (2 * Systolic + Diastolic) / 3 (or)
MAP = Diastolic + 1/3 Pulse pressure;
70-105 mmHg is normal

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5
Q

Where is the cardiovascular control centre?

A

Medulla oblongata

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6
Q

Where are the baroreceptors located?

A

Arch of aorta and carotid sinus

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7
Q

What nerves pass on the signal from the barereceptors to the cardiovascular control centre?

A 
Vagus nerve (10th) from aortic baroreceptors
Herings nerve, branch of the Glossopharayngeal nerve (9th) from carotid baroreceptor
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8
Q

Mean arterial pressure formula

A

MAP = Cardiac output * SVR

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9
Q

Intrinsic control of stroke volume

A

Frank Sterling Mechanism

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10
Q

Receptors present on vascular smooth muscles

A

Alpha receptors

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11
Q

What is vasomotor tone?

A

Vascular smooth muscles are partially constricted at rest due to tonic discharge of sympathetic nerves causing a continuous release of noradrenaline

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12
Q

Ficks law of diffusion

A

Increasing the following has the following effects -
Concentration gradient - Increases diffusion
Surface area of membrane - Increases
Lipid solubility - Increases
Molecular weight - Decreases
Distance - Decreases

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13
Q

What happens in hypertonic conditions?

A

Cells lose water and shrink

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14
Q

What happens in hypotonic conditions?

A

Water diffuses into cells; they swell

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15
Q

Characteristics to determine kind and amount of material transported

A

Specificity
Saturation
Competition

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16
Q

Forms of carrier mediated transport

A 
Facilitated diffusion (No energy)
Active transport (Energy expended) - Can be primary or secondary
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17
Q

Types of secondary active transport

A

Symport - Solute and ion supplying driving force (typically Na) move in same direction
Antiport - Solute and ion supplying force move in opposite direction

18
Q

Where is the temperature control centre?

A

Hypothalamus

19
Q

What are the hypothalamic controls?

A

Anterior - Activated by warmth

Posterior - Activated by cold

20
Q

Skin arteriole response to told

A

Vasoconstriction - Blood flow to skin decreased

21
Q

What’s responsible for electrical properties of membrane

A

Unequal distribution and selective movement through plasma membrane

22
Q

What pump creates the Na/K gradient

A

The Na/K channel pumps 3 Na out of the cell for 2 K in

23
Q

At resting potential, what is the membrane more permeable to

A

K+

24
Q

Why is the inside of membrane more negative

A

Due to large intracellular negatively charged protein

25
Q

What ions are present outside and inside the membrane

A

Sodium (Na+) and Chlorine (Cl-) on the outside

Potassium (K+) and Anionic protein (A-) inside

26
Q

Equilibrium and membrane potential

A

ENa = +60mV, Ek= -90mV and Em = -70mV

27
Q

Importance of membrane potential

A

Generate action potential, muscle contraction, secretion of Insulin from pancreatic Beta-cells

28
Q

Why is membrane potential less negative than equilibrium potential for Potassium

A

Due to slow constant influx of Sodium

29
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Arrest of bleeding and maintenance of vascular patency

30
Q

Primary vs secondary homeostasis

A

Primary - Formation of platelet plug

Secondary - Formation of fibrin clot

31
Q

How are platelets formed

A

By ‘budding’ or breaking away from Megakaryocytes

32
Q

What does endothelial wall damage release

A

Collagen is exposed and Von Willebrand Factor release

33
Q

What is Thrombocytopenia

A

Reduced numbers of Platelets

34
Q

Formation of fibrin clot

A

Prothrombin is converted to Thrombin via factor Xa. Thrombin then converts fibrinogen to fibrin

35
Q

How does Fibrinolysis work

A

Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) converts Plasminogen to Plasmin. Plasmin degrades Fibrin into Fibrin Degradation Products

36
Q

Name some naturally occurring anticoagulants

A

Serine protease inhibitors, Protein C and Protein S

37
Q

What is Thrombomodulin

A

Integral membrane protein that is a cofactor for Thrombin. Reduces blood coagulation by converting Thrombin to anticoagulant enzyme from procoagulant enzyme. This forms an anticoagulation complex consisting of Protein C and S. This inhibits factors V, VIII

38
Q

What is arterial thrombosis rich in

A

Platelet rich thrombus, white in colour

39
Q

Stroke vs unstable angina/MI

A

Stroke is thrombosis in cerebral arteries whereas unstable angina/MI is coronary arteries

40
Q

What is venous thrombosis rich in

A

RBC and fibrin rich, red in colour

41
Q

Treatment of arterial vs venous clots

A

Arterial clot - Antiplatelet such as Aspirin

Venous clot - Anticoagulant such as Heparin/Warfarin

42
Q

Virchows triad

A

Stasis, Endothelial injury, Hypercoagulability

Principles (14 decks)

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