Anatomy Flashcards
3 branches of the arch of aorta
Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid and left subclavian
Bifurcation of brachiocephalic trunk
Right common carotid, right subclavian
Major arteries of right upper limb
Right subclavian, right axillary, right brachial, right radial, right ulnar
What nerve innervates the carotid sinus and carotid body?
Herings nerve, part of Glossopharyngeal nerve (9th)
Vertebral artery is branch of?
Subclavian artery
What major arteries is the Circle of Willis formed by?
Right and left internal carotid artery, Basilar artery (Formed by 2 vertebral arteries joined together)
Branches of thoracic aorta
Bilateral posterior intercoastal arteries Bronchial arteries Oesophageal arteries Mediastinal arteries Pericardial arteries Phrenic arteries
What does external and internal Illiac supply?
Internal Illiac - Pelvis and Perineum
External Illiac - Lower limb
What are the two main venous systems?
Hepatic Portal Venous System - Towards liver
Systemic Venous System - Towards IVC and SVC
Which vessels drain into the right and left venous angle
Right - Right lymphatic duct
Left - Thoracic duct
What are the different types of joints
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Types of fibrous joints
Syndesmoses - Unite bones with fibrous membrane
Eg: Interosseous membrane between tibia and fibula
Sutures - Between bones of skull
Eg: Coronary suture
Fontanelles - Wide sutures in neonatal skull, allows moulding
Types of cartilaginous joints
Primary cartilaginous - Synchondroses
Bones joined by hyaline cartilage, eg: long bone epiphyseal growth plate
Secondary cartilaginous - Symphyses
Strong, slight mobility, eg: Intervertebral discs
Part of the intervertebral disc
Outer fibrous annulus fibrosus
Inner soft nucleus pulposus
Types of synovial joint
Pivot - > 45 degree, Atlanto-axial joint
Plane - Minimal movement in one plane, Acromioclavicular joint
Hinge - Moderate movement in one place,
Elbow joint
Ball and socket joint - Good range of multi-axial movement, Hip joint
Biaxial joint - Moderate movement in one plane and less in another, eg: Metacarpophalangeal joint (Chondyloid) and Carpometacarpal joint (Saddle)
What is subluxation?
Reduced area of contact between articular surfaces
Jaw is wide open at an oblique angle, what kind of dislocation does this suggest?
Unilateral dislocation of the Temperomandibular joint
What is the pelvic floor
Internal wall of skeletal muscles separating pelvic cavity and perineum
Most inferior part of peritoneal cavity in females
Rectouterine pouch of Douglas
Two pouches present at the inferior peritoneum
Vesico-uterine pouch; Between bladder and uterus
Recto-uterine pouch; Between Uterus and Rectum
Layers of uterus
Outside to inside
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
Parts of fallopian tube
Peritoneum, Fimbriae of uterine tube, Infundibulum, Ampulla, Isthmus, Uterus, Body, Cervix, Vagina, Perineum
What is tubal ligation
The fallopian tubes are cut or cauterised, blocking them and sterilising
Muscles responsible for controlling temperature in the testis
Dartos muscles (Smooth muscles)
Route followed by sperms
Seminiferous tubules, Rete testes, Epididymis, Vas deferens, Ejaculatory duct, Prostatic urethra, Spongy urethra, external urethral orifice
What does the spermatic cord contain
Vas deferens, testicular arteries and pampiniform plexus of veins
What is the ejaculatory duct
Vas deferens + Duct from seminal vesicle
What is sterilisation in males called
Vasectomy - Vas deferens is cut and tied
What is ectopic pregnancy
Fertilised egg is implanted outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tube
What divides the upper and lower GI tract
Ileocecal junction; small and large intestine
4 muscles of mastication
Temporalis, Masseter, Lateral and Medial Pterygoid
Which muscle prevent dribbing during chewing, swallow
Orbicularis oris
Where is Keratin present in the oral cavity
Hard palate and Gingivae
What is the internal oral cavity lined with
Mucosa - Stratified squamous epithelium
Medial to lateral taste buds
Fungiform, vallate and foliate papilale
Which papillae are sensory, touch and temperature
FiIliform papillae, most anterior
What muscles attach the tongue
4 pairs of extrinsic and intrinsic muscles; move tongue during mastication, speech and swallowing and change shape during function
Major salivary glands
Parotid, submandibular, sublingual (under tongue)
What mucosa lines the pharynx
Non-keratenized stratified squamous epithelium
Parts of Pharynx
Nasopharynx (Nasal cavity to soft palate)
Oropharynx (Soft palate and epiglottis)
Laryngopharynx (Epiglottis and oesophagus)
What aids in the closure of the laryngeal inlet
Epiglottis
Where does the oesophagus pierce diaphragm
T10
What is the peritoneum
Continuous serous membrane secreting lubricating peritoneal fluid into peritoneal cavity
What is retroperitoneum
Lays posterior to peritoneum
Clinical organisation of abdominal organs
Right hypochondrium, epigastric, left hypochondrium
Right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar
Right inguinal, pubic, left inguinal
Organs of abdominal cavity
Distal oesophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine
Pelvic organs of GI tract
Rectum, anal canal, anus
Is the stomach retro or intraperitoneal
Intraperitoneal
Which part of small intestine is retroperitoneal
Duodenum
Parts of small intestine
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
What is the mesentery
Double layer of peritoneum attaching small intestine to body wall. Allows passage of blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels
Which parts of large intestine are retroperitoneal
Ascending and descending colon
Parts of the large intestine
Caecum, ascending/transverse/descending/sigmoid colon
What is colicky pain
Pain that “comes and goes” typically experienced by patients with a GI obstruction
Important anatomical sphincters in GI tract
Cricopharyngeal sphincter
Pyloric sphincter
External anal sphincter
Arterial supply to abdominal organs
Coeliac trunk - Foregut (Oesophagus to 1/2 pancreas)
Superior mesenteric artery - Midgut (Till 2/3 colon)
Inferior mesenteric artery - Hindgut (Till 1/2 anal canal)
Venous drain from abdominal organs
Splenic vein (Foregut), Superior Mesenteric vein (Midgut) and Inferior Mesenteric Vein (Hindgut) drain to the Hepatic Portal Vein. This vein drains to the Inferior Vena Cava
Portal vs Systemic Venous System
Portal drains from absorptive parts of GI tract and associated organs via hepatic portal vein
Systemic drains from liver and rest of the body
Divisions of nervous system
Central and peripheral
What are ganglia
Nerve cluster in PNS
How does signal get across the synapse
Electrical (AP) becomes chemical to electrical signal
4 lobe of cerebreal cortex
Anterior to posterior -
Frontal, sphenoid, temporal, parietal, occipital
What is jugular foramen syndrome
Pathology in jugular foramen could injure CN 9, 10, 11
Vertebraes in total
33 = Cervial (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacral (5), Coccygeal (4)
Where does spinal nerve C8 exit
Between C7 and T1 vertebrae
How are spinal nerves named
According to vertebrae above it, except Cervical where they are named according to one below
How many spinal nerves are there
31 = Cervical (8), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacral (5), Coccygeal (1)
What level does the spinal cord end
L1 - L2, Conus medullaris
What is caude equina (horse tail)
Bundle of spinal nerves and rootlets, L2-L5, S1-S5 and C1 arising from conus medullaris
How do spinal nerves branch out to the body wall
Spinal nerves are only located within the intervertebral foramina. From here, they connect with structures of the soma via rami and spinal cord via rootlets and roots.
Which are larger, anterior or posterior rami
Anterior rami
Path of spinal nerve
Grey matter - Rootlets - Roots - Spinal nerve - Rami
What supplies the body wall, cranial or spinal nerves
Only spinal nerves
What are dermatones
Area or strip of skin supplied by both anterior and posterior rami of spinal nerve.
T4 - Male nippel and T10 - Umbilicus
What are nerve plexuses
Network of intertwined anterior rami
Cervical plexus
C1 - C4 anterior rami, posterior scalp, neck and diaphragm
What plexus supplies the diaphragm
Cervical plexus
Brachial plexus
C5 - T1 anterior rami, upper limb
Lumbar plexus
L1 - L4 anterior rami, lower limb
Sacral plexus
L5 - S4 anterior rami, lower limb, gluteal region and perineum
5 nerves of the brachial plexus
Axillary, median, musculocutaneous, radial, ulnar
Where do sympathetics arise from
Travel length of spinal cord and hitch a ride with anterior and posterior rami of T1 - L2 spinal nerves
What are paravertebral ganglia
Ganglia of the sympathetic trunk laterally along the length of the vertebral column. Communicate with rami with rami communicans.
Where do preganglionic neurones of the parasympathetic system originate
Leave the CNS via cranial nerves 3, 7, 9 and 10 and sacral spinal nerves
Difference in action potentials of sensory and motor
Sensory have action potentials towards the brain
Motor have action potentials towards body wall
Sensory and motor nerve supply to the organs is by?
Sensory afferent and motor by sympathetic and parasympathetic
Does the cranial nerve have sympathetic axons
No
How many neurones are involved in somatic sensation
Three
What is the sensory homunculus
Map of brain area dedicated to sensory processing for different anatomical divisions of the body
Main brain somatosensory lobe
Parietal
Primary somatomotor lobe
Frontal, contract contralateral skeletal muscle
Where does crossing over of upper motor neuron occur
Brainstem
Muscle paralysis vs spasticity
Paralysis is non-functional motor neurone whereas in spasticity, the neurone is intact an functioning. Descending controls from brain aren’t working in spastic muscles and the muscle has increased tone
What do visceral afferent do
Sense internal environment from organs to CNS
What is tonus
Constant low level contraction (sympathetic tone)
What does not supply body wall organs or arterioles
Parasympathetics
Where do the sacral spinal nerves carry parasympathetics to
Hindgut, pelvis and perineum
Parasympathetic ganglia in the head supply?
Lacrimal gland and salivary glands
Why are alveoli and alveolar capillaries very thin
To allow exchange of gases
Significance of C6 for respiratory tract
Larynx becomes trachea
Pharynx becomes oesophagus
Parts of the “respiratory tree”
Main bronchi, lobar bronchi (3/right and 2/left), segmental bronchi (10/lung)
Lobes of the lungs
Superior, middle and inferior right lobes
Superior and inferior left lobes
Fissures of the lungs
Oblique and horizontal fissures on right
Oblique fissure on left
What is analogous to middle lobe in left lung
Lingular, tongue like projection from Inferior left lobe
Function of cilia in the trachea
Sweep mucous plus any foreign body stuck, superiorly towards pharynx
Why are there no mucous glands in areas of trauma such as oropharynx and larynx
Stratified squamous epithelium are better at sustaining trauma
Function of Conchae in nasal cavity
Increase surface area of lateral walls of nasal cavity
Produce turbulent flow which gives extra time to warm the air via blood supply as well as trap pathogens via mucous
Structures associated with Larynx
Epiglottis, Hyoid bone, Thyroid cartilage, Cricoid cartilage and 2 Arytenoid cartilage (Posterior)
Which part of respiratory tree has no cartilage
Bronchioles and alveoli
Do smooth muscles become more prominent distally in the respiratory tree
Yes, bronchioles have the most smooth muscles and hence can constrict and dilate
What are false ribs
Ribs 8-10, attach via coastal cartilage above them
What are floating ribs
Ribs 11 and 12, don’t attach to sternum
How do ribs attach to vertebrae
Rib tubercle attaches to it’s vertebrae. The head of the rib attaches to vertebrae above it
Joint between Sternum and Clavilce
Sternoclavicular joint
Articulation between Sternum and costal cartilage
Sternocostal articulation
What level is the sternal angle
T2
What are the following joints -
Costovertebral and Costochondral joint
Costovertebral - Rib and vertebrae
Costochondral - Vertebrae and costal cartilage
What type of joints are the interchondral joints
Synovial to allow movement between ribs 6-9
Fibrous syndesmoses between 9 and 10, more rigid
What type of joint is the Sternocoastal joint
Synovial plane joint, allows sliding movement
What part of the vertebrae is involved in a slipped disc
The nucleus pulposus
The joint between articular processes of vertebrae
Plane synovial joint
Joint between body of vertebrae
Secondary cartilaginous joint
