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Principles > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

3 branches of the arch of aorta

A

Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid and left subclavian

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2
Q

Bifurcation of brachiocephalic trunk

A

Right common carotid, right subclavian

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3
Q

Major arteries of right upper limb

A

Right subclavian, right axillary, right brachial, right radial, right ulnar

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4
Q

What nerve innervates the carotid sinus and carotid body?

A

Herings nerve, part of Glossopharyngeal nerve (9th)

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5
Q

Vertebral artery is branch of?

A

Subclavian artery

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6
Q

What major arteries is the Circle of Willis formed by?

A

Right and left internal carotid artery, Basilar artery (Formed by 2 vertebral arteries joined together)

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7
Q

Branches of thoracic aorta

A 
Bilateral posterior intercoastal arteries 
Bronchial arteries
Oesophageal arteries
Mediastinal arteries
Pericardial arteries
Phrenic arteries
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8
Q

What does external and internal Illiac supply?

A

Internal Illiac - Pelvis and Perineum

External Illiac - Lower limb

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9
Q

What are the two main venous systems?

A

Hepatic Portal Venous System - Towards liver

Systemic Venous System - Towards IVC and SVC

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10
Q

Which vessels drain into the right and left venous angle

A

Right - Right lymphatic duct

Left - Thoracic duct

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11
Q

What are the different types of joints

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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12
Q

Types of fibrous joints

A

Syndesmoses - Unite bones with fibrous membrane
Eg: Interosseous membrane between tibia and fibula
Sutures - Between bones of skull
Eg: Coronary suture
Fontanelles - Wide sutures in neonatal skull, allows moulding

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13
Q

Types of cartilaginous joints

A

Primary cartilaginous - Synchondroses
Bones joined by hyaline cartilage, eg: long bone epiphyseal growth plate
Secondary cartilaginous - Symphyses
Strong, slight mobility, eg: Intervertebral discs

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14
Q

Part of the intervertebral disc

A

Outer fibrous annulus fibrosus

Inner soft nucleus pulposus

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15
Q

Types of synovial joint

A

Pivot - > 45 degree, Atlanto-axial joint
Plane - Minimal movement in one plane, Acromioclavicular joint
Hinge - Moderate movement in one place,
Elbow joint
Ball and socket joint - Good range of multi-axial movement, Hip joint
Biaxial joint - Moderate movement in one plane and less in another, eg: Metacarpophalangeal joint (Chondyloid) and Carpometacarpal joint (Saddle)

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16
Q

What is subluxation?

A

Reduced area of contact between articular surfaces

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17
Q

Jaw is wide open at an oblique angle, what kind of dislocation does this suggest?

A

Unilateral dislocation of the Temperomandibular joint

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18
Q

What is the pelvic floor

A

Internal wall of skeletal muscles separating pelvic cavity and perineum

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19
Q

Most inferior part of peritoneal cavity in females

A

Rectouterine pouch of Douglas

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20
Q

Two pouches present at the inferior peritoneum

A

Vesico-uterine pouch; Between bladder and uterus

Recto-uterine pouch; Between Uterus and Rectum

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21
Q

Layers of uterus

A

Outside to inside
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

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22
Q

Parts of fallopian tube

A

Peritoneum, Fimbriae of uterine tube, Infundibulum, Ampulla, Isthmus, Uterus, Body, Cervix, Vagina, Perineum

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23
Q

What is tubal ligation

A

The fallopian tubes are cut or cauterised, blocking them and sterilising

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24
Q

Muscles responsible for controlling temperature in the testis

A

Dartos muscles (Smooth muscles)

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25
Q

Route followed by sperms

A

Seminiferous tubules, Rete testes, Epididymis, Vas deferens, Ejaculatory duct, Prostatic urethra, Spongy urethra, external urethral orifice

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26
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain

A

Vas deferens, testicular arteries and pampiniform plexus of veins

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27
Q

What is the ejaculatory duct

A

Vas deferens + Duct from seminal vesicle

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28
Q

What is sterilisation in males called

A

Vasectomy - Vas deferens is cut and tied

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29
Q

What is ectopic pregnancy

A

Fertilised egg is implanted outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tube

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30
Q

What divides the upper and lower GI tract

A

Ileocecal junction; small and large intestine

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31
Q

4 muscles of mastication

A

Temporalis, Masseter, Lateral and Medial Pterygoid

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32
Q

Which muscle prevent dribbing during chewing, swallow

A

Orbicularis oris

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33
Q

Where is Keratin present in the oral cavity

A

Hard palate and Gingivae

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34
Q

What is the internal oral cavity lined with

A

Mucosa - Stratified squamous epithelium

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35
Q

Medial to lateral taste buds

A

Fungiform, vallate and foliate papilale

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36
Q

Which papillae are sensory, touch and temperature

A

FiIliform papillae, most anterior

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37
Q

What muscles attach the tongue

A

4 pairs of extrinsic and intrinsic muscles; move tongue during mastication, speech and swallowing and change shape during function

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38
Q

Major salivary glands

A

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual (under tongue)

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39
Q

What mucosa lines the pharynx

A

Non-keratenized stratified squamous epithelium

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40
Q

Parts of Pharynx

A

Nasopharynx (Nasal cavity to soft palate)
Oropharynx (Soft palate and epiglottis)
Laryngopharynx (Epiglottis and oesophagus)

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41
Q

What aids in the closure of the laryngeal inlet

A

Epiglottis

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42
Q

Where does the oesophagus pierce diaphragm

A

T10

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43
Q

What is the peritoneum

A

Continuous serous membrane secreting lubricating peritoneal fluid into peritoneal cavity

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44
Q

What is retroperitoneum

A

Lays posterior to peritoneum

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45
Q

Clinical organisation of abdominal organs

A

Right hypochondrium, epigastric, left hypochondrium
Right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar
Right inguinal, pubic, left inguinal

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46
Q

Organs of abdominal cavity

A

Distal oesophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine

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47
Q

Pelvic organs of GI tract

A

Rectum, anal canal, anus

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48
Q

Is the stomach retro or intraperitoneal

A

Intraperitoneal

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49
Q

Which part of small intestine is retroperitoneal

A

Duodenum

50
Q

Parts of small intestine

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

51
Q

What is the mesentery

A

Double layer of peritoneum attaching small intestine to body wall. Allows passage of blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels

52
Q

Which parts of large intestine are retroperitoneal

A

Ascending and descending colon

53
Q

Parts of the large intestine

A

Caecum, ascending/transverse/descending/sigmoid colon

54
Q

What is colicky pain

A

Pain that “comes and goes” typically experienced by patients with a GI obstruction

55
Q

Important anatomical sphincters in GI tract

A

Cricopharyngeal sphincter
Pyloric sphincter
External anal sphincter

56
Q

Arterial supply to abdominal organs

A

Coeliac trunk - Foregut (Oesophagus to 1/2 pancreas)
Superior mesenteric artery - Midgut (Till 2/3 colon)
Inferior mesenteric artery - Hindgut (Till 1/2 anal canal)

57
Q

Venous drain from abdominal organs

A 
Splenic vein (Foregut), Superior Mesenteric vein (Midgut) and Inferior Mesenteric Vein (Hindgut) drain to the Hepatic Portal Vein. 
This vein drains to the Inferior Vena Cava
58
Q

Portal vs Systemic Venous System

A

Portal drains from absorptive parts of GI tract and associated organs via hepatic portal vein
Systemic drains from liver and rest of the body

59
Q

Divisions of nervous system

A

Central and peripheral

60
Q

What are ganglia

A

Nerve cluster in PNS

61
Q

How does signal get across the synapse

A

Electrical (AP) becomes chemical to electrical signal

62
Q

4 lobe of cerebreal cortex

A

Anterior to posterior -

Frontal, sphenoid, temporal, parietal, occipital

63
Q

What is jugular foramen syndrome

A

Pathology in jugular foramen could injure CN 9, 10, 11

64
Q

Vertebraes in total

A

33 = Cervial (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacral (5), Coccygeal (4)

65
Q

Where does spinal nerve C8 exit

A

Between C7 and T1 vertebrae

66
Q

How are spinal nerves named

A

According to vertebrae above it, except Cervical where they are named according to one below

67
Q

How many spinal nerves are there

A

31 = Cervical (8), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacral (5), Coccygeal (1)

68
Q

What level does the spinal cord end

A

L1 - L2, Conus medullaris

69
Q

What is caude equina (horse tail)

A

Bundle of spinal nerves and rootlets, L2-L5, S1-S5 and C1 arising from conus medullaris

70
Q

How do spinal nerves branch out to the body wall

A

Spinal nerves are only located within the intervertebral foramina. From here, they connect with structures of the soma via rami and spinal cord via rootlets and roots.

71
Q

Which are larger, anterior or posterior rami

A

Anterior rami

72
Q

Path of spinal nerve

A

Grey matter - Rootlets - Roots - Spinal nerve - Rami

73
Q

What supplies the body wall, cranial or spinal nerves

A

Only spinal nerves

74
Q

What are dermatones

A

Area or strip of skin supplied by both anterior and posterior rami of spinal nerve.
T4 - Male nippel and T10 - Umbilicus

75
Q

What are nerve plexuses

A

Network of intertwined anterior rami

76
Q

Cervical plexus

A

C1 - C4 anterior rami, posterior scalp, neck and diaphragm

77
Q

What plexus supplies the diaphragm

A

Cervical plexus

78
Q

Brachial plexus

A

C5 - T1 anterior rami, upper limb

79
Q

Lumbar plexus

A

L1 - L4 anterior rami, lower limb

80
Q

Sacral plexus

A

L5 - S4 anterior rami, lower limb, gluteal region and perineum

81
Q

5 nerves of the brachial plexus

A

Axillary, median, musculocutaneous, radial, ulnar

82
Q

Where do sympathetics arise from

A

Travel length of spinal cord and hitch a ride with anterior and posterior rami of T1 - L2 spinal nerves

83
Q

What are paravertebral ganglia

A

Ganglia of the sympathetic trunk laterally along the length of the vertebral column. Communicate with rami with rami communicans.

84
Q

Where do preganglionic neurones of the parasympathetic system originate

A

Leave the CNS via cranial nerves 3, 7, 9 and 10 and sacral spinal nerves

85
Q

Difference in action potentials of sensory and motor

A

Sensory have action potentials towards the brain

Motor have action potentials towards body wall

86
Q

Sensory and motor nerve supply to the organs is by?

A

Sensory afferent and motor by sympathetic and parasympathetic

87
Q

Does the cranial nerve have sympathetic axons

A

No

88
Q

How many neurones are involved in somatic sensation

A

Three

89
Q

What is the sensory homunculus

A

Map of brain area dedicated to sensory processing for different anatomical divisions of the body

90
Q

Main brain somatosensory lobe

A

Parietal

91
Q

Primary somatomotor lobe

A

Frontal, contract contralateral skeletal muscle

92
Q

Where does crossing over of upper motor neuron occur

A

Brainstem

93
Q

Muscle paralysis vs spasticity

A

Paralysis is non-functional motor neurone whereas in spasticity, the neurone is intact an functioning. Descending controls from brain aren’t working in spastic muscles and the muscle has increased tone

94
Q

What do visceral afferent do

A

Sense internal environment from organs to CNS

95
Q

What is tonus

A

Constant low level contraction (sympathetic tone)

96
Q

What does not supply body wall organs or arterioles

A

Parasympathetics

97
Q

Where do the sacral spinal nerves carry parasympathetics to

A

Hindgut, pelvis and perineum

98
Q

Parasympathetic ganglia in the head supply?

A

Lacrimal gland and salivary glands

99
Q

Why are alveoli and alveolar capillaries very thin

A

To allow exchange of gases

100
Q

Significance of C6 for respiratory tract

A

Larynx becomes trachea

Pharynx becomes oesophagus

101
Q

Parts of the “respiratory tree”

A

Main bronchi, lobar bronchi (3/right and 2/left), segmental bronchi (10/lung)

102
Q

Lobes of the lungs

A

Superior, middle and inferior right lobes

Superior and inferior left lobes

103
Q

Fissures of the lungs

A

Oblique and horizontal fissures on right

Oblique fissure on left

104
Q

What is analogous to middle lobe in left lung

A

Lingular, tongue like projection from Inferior left lobe

105
Q

Function of cilia in the trachea

A

Sweep mucous plus any foreign body stuck, superiorly towards pharynx

106
Q

Why are there no mucous glands in areas of trauma such as oropharynx and larynx

A

Stratified squamous epithelium are better at sustaining trauma

107
Q

Function of Conchae in nasal cavity

A

Increase surface area of lateral walls of nasal cavity

Produce turbulent flow which gives extra time to warm the air via blood supply as well as trap pathogens via mucous

108
Q

Structures associated with Larynx

A

Epiglottis, Hyoid bone, Thyroid cartilage, Cricoid cartilage and 2 Arytenoid cartilage (Posterior)

109
Q

Which part of respiratory tree has no cartilage

A

Bronchioles and alveoli

110
Q

Do smooth muscles become more prominent distally in the respiratory tree

A

Yes, bronchioles have the most smooth muscles and hence can constrict and dilate

111
Q

What are false ribs

A

Ribs 8-10, attach via coastal cartilage above them

112
Q

What are floating ribs

A

Ribs 11 and 12, don’t attach to sternum

113
Q

How do ribs attach to vertebrae

A

Rib tubercle attaches to it’s vertebrae. The head of the rib attaches to vertebrae above it

114
Q

Joint between Sternum and Clavilce

A

Sternoclavicular joint

115
Q

Articulation between Sternum and costal cartilage

A

Sternocostal articulation

116
Q

What level is the sternal angle

A

T2

117
Q

What are the following joints -

Costovertebral and Costochondral joint

A

Costovertebral - Rib and vertebrae

Costochondral - Vertebrae and costal cartilage

118
Q

What type of joints are the interchondral joints

A

Synovial to allow movement between ribs 6-9

Fibrous syndesmoses between 9 and 10, more rigid

119
Q

What type of joint is the Sternocoastal joint

A

Synovial plane joint, allows sliding movement

120
Q

What part of the vertebrae is involved in a slipped disc

A

The nucleus pulposus

121
Q

The joint between articular processes of vertebrae

A

Plane synovial joint

122
Q

Joint between body of vertebrae

A

Secondary cartilaginous joint

Principles (14 decks)

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