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102- Theme 1 > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What does Starlings law state?

A

The more the ventricles of the heart fill, the more it pumps out and with greater force.

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2
Q

Describe the key constituents of the a) plasma b) intercellular environment c)intracellular environment.

What is the Transcellular environment?

A

a) Na+ based. Negative in comparison to extracellular fluid
b) Similar to plasma, lacks proteins
c) K+ fortified. Most negative environment

Tubes of lumen and other organs.

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3
Q

State the 6 states ions are found within the body.

A
  1. Free
  2. Sequestered (behind a membranes in sarcoplasmic reticulum)
  3. Chelated
  4. Tightly bound
  5. In teeth & bones
  6. Buffered (non-specifically bound)
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4
Q

State the 5 ways ions can travel through a membrane.

A
  1. Channels
  2. Chloride-carbonate exchangers
  3. Pump
  4. Leak
  5. Co-transporters
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5
Q

State 9 roles ions play

A
  1. move water (Cl-)
  2. exocytosis
  3. fertilisation
  4. initiating cellular processes
  5. activating enzymes (P)
  6. energy generation (Pi)
  7. secondary messengers (Ca+)
  8. control transmembrane voltage (Na+)
  9. muscle contraction (Ca+)
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6
Q

State 5 causes of ionic imbalance.

A
  1. diabetes
  2. trauma/ haemorrhage
  3. hormonal imbalance
  4. kidney dysfunction
  5. dehydration
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7
Q

State 5 effects of ionic imbalance.

A
  1. ticks and nervous dysfunction
  2. cardiac arrhythmia
  3. seizures
  4. oedema
  5. bone abnormalities
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8
Q

What is voltage and what is its formula?

How does it relate to conductance?

A

The potential difference between two distinct points in an electric field.
V= I x R

g= I/R

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9
Q

Describe the electric force and chemical force involved in an AP.

A

Na+ move into the axon (movement of ions)
Generates an electric current (positive electric force inwards)
However, concentration of ions intracellularly and intercellular remain the samosa no chemical force .

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10
Q

Describe net force and its value at equilibrium.

A

Net force = chem force + electrical force

At equilibrium =0

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11
Q

State 2 effects of hypocalcaemia.

What physical sign is a tell-tale sign of hypocalcaemia?

A

Overactive tendon abnormalities
ECG abnormalities

Chvosteks sign

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12
Q

What does the fertilisation enveloped prevent?

How is the cytosolic concentration of calcium different during fertilisation?

A

Prevents multiple sperm fertilising egg.

High cytosolic calcium concentration

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13
Q

Describe the relative ionic gradients of calcium, hydrogen and potassium ions across the cell.

A

Calcium has the greatest concentration gradient. 10000x more outside cell

H+ 60% more outside cell

K+ 30000x more in cell

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14
Q

Define excitable and non-excitable cells. Give examples

A

Excitable : cells that generate/propagate action potentials e.g. cardiac muscle, nerves

Non-excitable: unable to propagate AP e.g. skin, liver and epithelial cells.

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15
Q

Produce a schematic of the role of calcium concentration in AP.

A

AP-> HIGH calcium concentration in cytosol -> synaptic transmission/ muscle contraction

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16
Q

State the 3 rules of ionic balance.

A
  1. The positive and negative charges must balance
  2. Energy used to reestablish gradients
  3. Replacement of ions
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17
Q

State the normal pH inside and outside the cell.

A

inside : 7.2, outside: 7.4

18
Q

State the reversible equation catalysed by carbonic anhydrase.
How does the transport intermediate make this efficient?

What happens to the excess H+?

How are pH changes regulated by the kidneys and lungs?

A

CO2+ H2OH2CO3HCO3(-) + H+
H+ ions are charged so cannot pass through membrane and CO2 is poorly soluble in blood.

RBC: “Cl- shift” for removal of h+ from muscle
Pancreas: secretes bicarbonate

Kidneys secrete H+ that increases acidity
Lungs blow off CO2 which removes acidity

19
Q

How does the location of parietal cell said in their function?

Which ion transporters are present on the basolateral membrane of a parietal cell?

Which ion transporters are present on the apical membrane of a parietal cell?

A

Protected from friction and secretions.

Chloride-carbonate exchangers
Cl- channels (get rid of Cl- build up in cell)
Na+/K+ pump (if K+ conc. decreases, pumps K+ to maintain conc)

H+ channel
Cl-channel (mix with H+ in stomach to form HCL)
K+ channel(get rid ofK+ build up in cell and to maintain K+ intercellular conc. for pump)
H+/K+ pump using H+/K+ ATPase

20
Q

Describe three features of transmembranal potential.

A
  1. depends on relative electric currents
  2. conductance of ions across membrane
  3. membrane with complete permeability have Vm=0
21
Q

What is the effect of the extracellular space of all cells being electronically joined ?

A

Same voltage everywhere

22
Q

What voltage do Na+ voltage gated channels open?

A

> -50mv

23
Q

Describe what an equilibrium potential is.

A

An ions favourite voltage.
The greater the permeability for an ion, the more the membrane potential is driven towards the equilibrium potential for that particular ion.

24
Q

State the equilibrium potential for

a) eNa
b) eK
c) eCa
d) eCl

A

a) +60mv
b) -90mv
c) +123mv
d) -40mv

25
Q

During an action potential which ions increase in permeability? What the of ion channel is used?

Presynaptic knob AKA…

A

Na+, Ca+ or both
Non-selective cation channel

Presynaptic bouton

26
Q

State the two categories of neurotransmitters and examples.

A

Small molecules
Amino acids e.g. glutamate (main excitatory in brain)
Monoamines e.g. dopamine
Acetylcholine

Proteins, peptides and large molecules
Neuropeptides e.g. substance P (pain)

27
Q

State the maturation of catecholamines from its origin tyrosine.

State the relevance of each molecule

A

Tyrosine -> dopamine -> noradrenaline ->adrenaline

Dopamine - Parkinsons
noradrenaline- reticular activating systems
adrenaline- fight or flight

28
Q

Outline the 6 steps involved in the transmission of neurotransmitters.

A
  1. Neurotransmitter synthesised in cell body
  2. Packaged into vesicles
  3. Increase in membrane permeability increases cytosolic Ca+ conc causing vesicles to fuse to membrane
  4. Released by exocytosis
  5. Binds to and activates post-synaptic receptor
  6. Diffuse away and is metabolised and /or transported back to terminal.
29
Q

What is the neurotransmitter always used at the neuromuscular junction with a skeletal muscle? What is the receptor type in muscle?

Give two roles of Acetycholinsterase (ACheE). Where is it synthesised?

A

ACh, Nicotinoreceptor

Degradation of Each at post-synaptic membrane
Aids elimination from synapse.

Cytosol

30
Q

How many thin filaments affiliated to each thick filament

How many thick filaments affiliated to each thin filament?

State the 4 physiological changes that occur in the sarcomere during contraction.

What is the bare zone?

State the function of the M line.

A

1 thick: 6 thin

1 thin: 3 thick

Z lines get closer
I band shortens
H zone shortens
A band constant

The portion of the thick filament which is not directly involved in pulling function.

Anchor the thick filaments and harbour minor proteins which ensure myosin remain aligned and parallel in bare zone.

31
Q

Describe 4 features of the myosin filament.

A
  1. Single, long, straight, double helical tail
  2. Hinge between neck and tail
  3. Aggregate at tilt form thick filament
  4. Double head
32
Q

Describe the two types of actin polymers in the thin filament.
Which other molecules are involved?

A

G actin: globular
F actin: helix with a groove on each side to occupy tropomyosin

Tropomyosin
Troponin

33
Q

What is excitation-contractor coupling?

A

The link between the depolarisation of the membrane and the consequent high cytosolic calcium that leads to contraction.

34
Q

State 4 secondary messengers.

A
  1. Ions e.g. Ca+
  2. G proteins (Ryanodine receptor proteins)
  3. Phosphorylation
  4. |ntracellular receptors (Steroids)
35
Q

Describe the 4 steps which lead to increased Ca+ in cytosol of myofibre.

What molecule uses ATP to pump Ca+ back into SR after depolarisation?

A
  1. sarcolemma depolarises
  2. membrane Ca+ channels undergo conformational change
  3. SR Ca+ release channels undergo a conformational change that opens them
  4. Ca+ flows from SR into cytosol

SERCA

36
Q

Describe the three features of twitch.

What is meant by summation?

What is meant by tetany?
Describe how incomplete and complete tetany look on a tension/time graph.

A
  1. Latent period 2. Contraction 3. Relaxation

If AP >, twitches fuse

A state of maximal contractile force & shortening.It occurs because the cytosolic Ca+ concentration remains high because relaxation not long enough for SERCA.

Incomplete: like microvilli
Complete: like a trapezium

37
Q

How long does it take for a) completion of AP b) increased calcium ion concentration in cytosol c) large contraction?

A

a) 30ms
b) 50ms
c) 80ms

38
Q

State the subunits of troponin.

A

T- tropomyosin binding site
C-calcium binding site
I-inhibitory/ binds to actin

39
Q

Describe the 4 steps involved in cross bridge formation.

A
  1. Myosin binds to actin
  2. Power stroke (head swivels from 90 degrees to 45)
  3. Myosin releases actin (resets head to 90 degrees)
  4. Myosin head (in highest energy state) cleaves ATP to ADP+ Pi
40
Q

How do ACh receptors vary?

State the two type of recepetor and their respective secondary messengers/.

A

Pharmacology (agonist/anatagonist)
Conductance
Selectivity

Nicotinic- 2nd m: Ions through channel, activation increase voltage inside allowing Na+ in and K+ out via non -selective cation channel.
Muscarinic- 2nd m: G proteins

41
Q

Consider nicotinic Ash receptors. Give an example of an agonist and antagonist drug that effects them.

Give an example of an ACheE inhibitor.

A

Agonist- Carbachol (miosis- treating glaucoma)
Antagonist- Rocuronium (tracheal intubation)

Donepezil (Alzheimers)

42
Q

Describe what happens in Rigor Mortis.

A

Ca2+ not resequestered in SR -> high calcium conc. in cytosol -> cross bridge formation (until ATP and phosphocreatine runs out) -> myosin stops just after power stroke -> stiffness-> until protein breakdown 3 days later

102- Theme 1 (10 decks)

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