Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

102- Theme 1 > Anatomy of the nervous system > Flashcards

Anatomy of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Give an example a unipolar, bipolar and multipolar neurone.

A

Unipolar - Primary sensory neurone
Bipolar- specialised sensory neurones found in retina and ear
Multipolar- motor neurones and most neurones in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an afferent neurone? Give an example.

A

Neurones that carry information towards the CNS e.g. primary sensory neurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an efferent neurone? Give an example.

A

Neurones that carry information away from the CNS e.g. motor neurones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the anatomical position of the dorsal and ventral root.

A

The ventral root is anterior to the dorsal root in the vertebral canal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Compare the speed of conduction in myelinated neurones and unmyelinated neurones.

A

120m/s compared to <1.5 m/s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Give the 6 functions of astrocytes in the CNS.

A
  1. Form a barrier between blood vessels and neuronal system to prevent infection
  2. supply nutrients
  3. structural systems
  4. maintain ionic environment
  5. repair nervous system by formation of scars
  6. neurotransmitter uptake
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give the function of oligodendrocytes in the CNS.

A

Produce and maintain the myelin sheath.

It is shared between numerous axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Give the three functions of microglia in the CNS.

A
  1. Immune cells (phagocytic activity)
  2. Cytotoxic activity
  3. Promote repair
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the neuroglia in the PNS called?

Function

A

Schwann cells

Spiral wrapping
mune functions
important for regeneration
Basement membrane provides substrate for axon to grow along

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Grey matter ? White matter?

A

Grey- neuronal cell bodies and synapses

White- myelinated axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the four compartments of the CNS called?

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which 3 compartments comprise the forebrain?

A

Cerebral hemispheres
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the cerebral cortex and the functions of the lobes.

A

Cerebral corten is highly folded grey matter that is 8-% responsible for cognition and 20% responsible for motor and sensory information.

Parietal lobe- pain, touch and proprioception
Frontal lobe- primary motor cortex
Occiptal lobe- primary visual cortex
Temporal lobe- primary auditory and olfaction cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the role of the thalamus.

A

Relay centre for all senses other than smell.

Its in the centre of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the anatomical position of the hypothalamus and its role.

A

Inferior to the thalamus and is involved in homeostasis via the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the brainstem comprised of and what is its role?

A

Hindbrain and midbrain

Connects the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord.
It controls the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system

DAMAGE-> DEATH

17
Q

What is the hindbrain comprised of and what is its role?

What is its anatomical position?

A

Cerebellum, Pons and Medulla

Control of complex muscular movement

Posterior to the brainstem

18
Q

Describe the anatomical position of the spinal cord

A

Sits within the vertebral canal

Begins at the atlas and ends at L1

19
Q

Describe the PNS and what it does

A

Peripheral nerves that can be somatic or autonomic that supply the viscera, blood vessels, muscles, gland and skin.

20
Q

Descrive a somatic neurone

A

Looks like normal multipolar neurone

21
Q

What is the somatosensory system?

A

The part of the sensory system concerned with the conscious perception of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, position, movement, and vibration, which arise from the muscles, joints, skin, and fascia.

Consist of the axons of the primary SN

22
Q

Whats the difference between exteroceptive and proprioceptive?

A

Exteroceptive- the stimuli originated from outside the organism
Proprioceptive- the stimuli is internal

23
Q

What is the difference between cranial and spinal nerves?

A

Cranial nerves originate from the brainstem/brain

Spinal nerves originate from the spinal cord, lateral to the spinal ganglion and medial to ramus. They occur where the dorsal and ventral nerves merge.

24
Q

Describe the segmentation of the spinal cord.

A 
Cervical- 8
Thorax- 12
Lumbar- 5
Sacral- 5
Coccygeal nerve- 1
25
Q

Where do the dorsal primary ramus supply?

Discuss the extension of vertebral column

A

Skin over the paravertebral gutter

Errector spinal muscle and facet joints of vertebral column

26
Q

Where do the ventral primary ramus supply?

How are they pathologically different to the DPR

Give an example

A

The rest of the body including skin, and musculoskeletal system

Much larger

Intercostal nerves supplying the intercostal muscles

27
Q

What is a nerve plexus?

A

Occur where ventral primary ramus merge

Forms nerves with axons coming from multiple spinal nerves

Important in INNERVATION OF LIMBS

28
Q

Difference between a dermatome and a myotome.

A

An individual area of skin/muscle group that is innervated by a single spinal nerve.

**ARISE FROM SOMITES

29
Q

Describe why a cutaneous skin condition occurs as a result of a myocardial infarction

A

Because the nerve that supplies the skin of the left arm shared a synapse with the nerve of the heart

30
Q

Describe effects mediated by the sympathetic autonomic nervous system.

Where does it originate

A

Increased heart rate
Vasoconstriction and constriction of abdominal blood vessels
Inhibition of peristalsis and gastric secretion
Pupil dilation
Hair errection

Thoraci-lumbar spinal cord

31
Q

Describe effects mediated by the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system.

Where does it originate

A

Decreased heart rate
No effect on blood vessels, skin or hair (except in sweat glands)
Stimulates peristalsis and gastric secretions
Pupil constriction
Narrow bronchi

Origin: brainstem and sacral spinal cord

32
Q

Describe the structure of autonomic neurones.

Give an exception

How are abdominal neurones different

A 
Preganglionic neurone( which all enter sympathetic trunk)->
Synapse-> Postganglionic neurone (exit via spinal nerve)  -> Effector

Adrenal medulla lacks synapse

Abdominal neurones have a preganglionic neurone that enters a splanchnic nerve directly without synapsing-> prevertebral ganglia -> ACh-> Abdominal

33
Q

How do parasympathetic autonomic neurones differ from sympathetic ones?

A

Long preganglionic neurone and short postganglionic neurone

Ganglia close to the effector

34
Q

What are the glands that secrete a) tears and b) saliva called?

A

a. lacrimal gland

b. parotid/ submandibular gland

35
Q

Describe the cranial parasympathetic mechanism of the vagus nerve.

A

Brainstem -> Vagus nerve ->

lungs (bronchoconstriction)
heart (decreased cardiac output)
abdomen (peristalsis)

36
Q

Describe the sacral parasympathetic action.

A

Sacral spinal cord -> exit via pelvic splanchnic nerves -> synapses to pelvic organs:

sexual function
Bladder (urination)
Rectum ( defection)

102- Theme 1 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions