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CNS > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The only inhibitory nuclei in the thalamus and its function

A

Reticular nuclei

Modulates the information between thalamus and cortex

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2
Q

If lesion in inferior temporal lobe what will be affected?

A

Can’t associate visual input no shape production just angles

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3
Q

What forms the brainwaves?

A

Graded post synaptic potentials

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4
Q

Difference between soma and dendritic electric activity ?

A

Soma has both action and graded potential
Duration larger than 10

Dendritic
Graded post synapse
Duration variable

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5
Q

How to measure deeper cortical circuits?

A

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

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6
Q

How does long range electrical activity happen and what is its function?

A

Electric field detection by binding of charges polyamines to potassium channels

Function synchronisation of activity

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7
Q

All about delta waves

A

Highest amplitude lowest frequency
Normal on sleep adults and awake infants
If high in awake adults=brain damage

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8
Q

Theta

A

4-7 Hz
Normal in children or sleepy drowsy adults
High in awake adults = emotional stress or brain disorder

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9
Q

Intensity of brain waves depends on?

A

Numbers of synchronised neurons

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10
Q

Eyes open brain waves has more but less?

A

More activity but less synchronicity

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11
Q

What happens in Non R.E.M. Stage 1 N1?

A

Transition from wakefulness to sleep

From in synchronised gamma and beta to theta and alpha

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12
Q

What happens in N2 stage?

A

Real sleep (theta waves)
Sleep memory consolidation
And information processing

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13
Q

What happens in N3

A

Deep sleep
Theta waves
Sleep disorder manifestation bed wetting sleep waking

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14
Q

If wave frequencies> 8Hz in awake adults it’s ?

A

NORMAL!!

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15
Q

If wave frequency less than 7 Hz in awake adults it’s ?

A

ABNORMAL!!

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16
Q

Abnormal EEG is an abnormal (3 things)

A

Location
Frequency
Amplitude

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17
Q

Why EEG records EPSP?

A

They can summate and they last long enough

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18
Q

EEG mainly records which neuron ?

A

Pyramidal cells!

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19
Q

Awake adult brain waves characterized by?

A

Low amplitude high frequency

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20
Q

What discharge is important to diagnose epilepsy?

A

Interictal discharge paroxysmal depolarisation shift

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21
Q

Two types of interictal recordings?

A

Sharp wave 70-200 milliseconds

Spike 30-70

22
Q

How to differentiate between epileptic recording and sharp wave in a healthy individual?

A

Epileptic
Lower limb below baseline
Interrupts background
Slow wave after wards

23
Q

Can sharpness of a peak differentiate between epileptic and healthy wave

A

No there is no difference!

24
Q

Sustained depolarisation is characteristic of phase?

A

Tonic phase

25
Q

From a sensory memory to a short term memory we need?

A

Attention!

26
Q

From a short term memory to a working memory we need?

A

Repetition!

27
Q

From a working memory (less than 1 minute) to a long term memory we need?

A

Consolidation and encoding

28
Q

3 steps for long term memory ?

A

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

29
Q

Explicit memory is the function of which lobe?

A

Medial temporal lobe

30
Q

Procedural implicit memory of the function of?

A

Cerebellum and basal ganglia

31
Q

Explicit memory is the function of?

A

Hippocampus!

32
Q

Short term memory brain regions involve?

A

Prefrontal cortex and sensory association areas

33
Q

Which receptor exhibit Mg block and which proliferate in case of LTP?

A

Nmda Mg block

And ampa is increasing in number

34
Q

What happens to the amount of presynaptic neurotransmitters in LTP!

A

Presynaptic neurotransmitters released increases

35
Q

Synaptic plasticity is evident because we see?

A

Structural changes!

36
Q

If you resected medial temporal lobe= hippocampus you won’t be able to form?

A

New long term memories!

37
Q

Hippocampus consolidate memory by which processes?

A

Tri synaptic processe

38
Q

Effect on metabolism case of Alzheimer’s?

A

Decreased glucose metabolism

39
Q

Biochemical plaques are Alzheimer’s?

A

Plaques by A beta amyloid from insoluble aggregates of beta sheet

40
Q

Amyloid plaque characteristic is ?

A

Having aluminium

41
Q

Amyloid cascade hypothesis?

A

App per cursor protein is a transmembrane
It’s proteolysis give rise to Abeta 42 and Abeta neurotoxic
Depositions of a beta fragments cause increase ca = excess phosphoraltion of tau protein =tangles

42
Q

Familial AD associated with mutations in?

A

APP and protease

43
Q

Normal App fragments help in?

A

Regulation of synapse activity and formation of dendritis

44
Q

Which secretase is normal and which pathological= gives A beta 42 ?

A

Alpha = normal

Beta and gamma release A beta 42

45
Q

Which cell clear A beta plaques?

A

Microglia

46
Q

What peptide enhances fact that A beta 42 readily forms radicals?

A

Methionine residue

47
Q

What forms lipid radical and what are their effects?

A

Hydrophobic radicals dissolve in membrane then lipid radicals react to modify Lipids and proteins = change properties = open ion channels more ca more tau phosphoraltion

48
Q

Central receptors for temperature located in which hypothalamus?

A

Anterior

49
Q

Anterior hypothalamus stimulated cause?

A

Heat loss by
Vasodilation
And suppressing shivering

50
Q

If anterior hypothalamus is lesioned?

A

Chronic hyperthermia

51
Q

Posterior hypothalamus mediates

And if lesioned?

A

Stimulates shivering and constriction of blood vessels
And increase TrH to increase BMR
Lesion causes hypothermia

52
Q

Aggression and rage is seen in stimulating which hypothalamus?

A

Lateral

Opposition is ventromedial which is satiety and tranquility

CNS (5 decks)

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