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Cardiology (Own) > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Autorhythmicity

A

The capability of the heart to beat rhythmically in the absence of an external stimuli

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2
Q

Where does the excitation of the heart originate?

A

Pacemaker cells in the SA node

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3
Q

What is the parasympathetic supply to the heart?

A

Vagus nerve

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4
Q

What is the neurotransmitter and receptor in parasympathetic?

A

ACh acting on M2 muscarinic receptors

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5
Q

What does atropine do?

A

Speeds up the heart

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6
Q

What does increasing vagal stimulation do to the slope of the pacemaker?

A

Decreases slope

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7
Q

What does increasing sympathetic stimulation do to the slope of the pacemaker?

A

Increases slope

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8
Q

What is the neurotransmitter and receptor in sympathetic?

A

NA acting on beta1 adrenoreceptors

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9
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The outwards pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls

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10
Q

Which Korotkoff sound is hear when diastolic pressure is estimated?

A

Fifth

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11
Q

Pressure gradient between the aorta and the right atrium

A

Mean arterial pressure - central venous (right atrial) pressure

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12
Q

What is mean arterial blood pressure?

A

The average arterial blood pressure during a single cardiac cycle

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13
Q

Calculate mean arterial blood pressure

A

[(2 x diastolic) + systolic] / 3

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14
Q

What is the normal range of MAP?

A

70-105 mmHg

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15
Q

Relationship between MAP, TPR and CO

A

MAP = CO x TPR

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16
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle of the heart per minute

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17
Q

Relationship between CO, SV and HR?

A

CO = SV x HR

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18
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per beat

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19
Q

What are the major resistance vessels?

A

Arterioles

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20
Q

Which cranial nerve is involved in transmission from the carotid baroreceptors?

A

IX th CN

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21
Q

Which cranial nerve is involved in transmission from the aortic baroreceptors?

A

X th CN

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22
Q

What are the two main factors which affect extracellular fluid volume?

A
  1. Water excess/deficit

2. Na+ excess/deficit

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23
Q

Which hormones regulate extracellular fluid volume?

A
  1. Renin angiotensin aldosterone system
  2. Atrial Natriuretic peptide
  3. Antidiuretic hormone
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24
Q

What is the rate limiting step for RAAS?

A

Renin secretion

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25
Q

What regulates total peripheral resistance?

A

Vascular smooth muscle

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26
Q

What type of autonomic supply is given to the vascular smooth muscle?

A

Sympathetic

27
Q

What is vasomotor tone?

A

When the vascular smooth muscles are partially constricted at rest

28
Q

Which receptor causes vasoconstriction of arterioles when acted on by adrenaline?

A

alpha adrenoreceptors

29
Q

Which receptor causes vasodilation of arterioles when acted on by adrenaline?

A

beta 2 adrenoreceptors

30
Q

Which two hormones (other than adrenaline) cause vasoconstriction?

A

Angiotensin

Antidiuretic hormone

31
Q

Name 3 local humeral agents which cause vasodilatation

A

Histamine
Bradykinin
Nitric oxide

32
Q

Name 4 humoral agents which cause vasoconstriction

A

Serotonin
Thromboxane A2
Leukotrines
Endothelin

33
Q

What does sympathetic stimulation do to the heart?

A

Increases SA node firing

Decreases AV node delay

34
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

A period following an action potential in which it is not possible to produce another AP

35
Q

What is after load?

A

The resistance into which the heart is pumping

36
Q

What does inotropic relate to?

A

FORCE

37
Q

What does chronotropic relate to?

A

RATE

38
Q

What does vagal stimulation have major influence on?

A

Rate

39
Q

What does adenosine do to blood vessels in the coronary system?

A

Vasodilator

40
Q

When does peak left coronary blood flow occur?

A

Diastole

41
Q

Where does the brain receive its blood supply from?

A

Internal carotids and vertebral arteries

42
Q

Which part of the brain is sensitive to hypoxia?

A

Grey matter

43
Q

What is the purpose of the circle of Willis?

A

So that if one carotid artery is obstructed, cerebral perfusion is maintained

44
Q

If MABP rises, what is the effect on the auto regulation of resistance vessels to cerebral flow?

A

Constricts

45
Q

If MABP falls, what is the effect on the auto regulation of resistance vessels to cerebral flow?

A

Dilate

46
Q

Why can hyperventilating lead to fainting?

A

Too much CO2, so causes cerebral vasodilation

47
Q

What MABP causes fainting, confusion etc.

A

50mmHg

48
Q

What is the normal inter cranial pressure?

A

8-13 mmHg

49
Q

What do cerebral capillaries contain?

A

Tight intercellular junctions which make up the blood brain barrier

50
Q

What is the typical pulmonary artery BP?

A

20-25/6-12 mmHg

51
Q

What does hypoxia do to pulmonary arterioles?

A

Vasoconstriction - to divert blood from poorly ventilated areas

52
Q

What does hypoxia do to systemic arterioles?

A

Vasodilation

53
Q

what is interstitial fluid?

A

Fluid which bathes the body cells - it acts as a go between blood and body cells

54
Q

which type of cells make up capillaries?

A

endothelial cells

55
Q

what determines blood flow in the capillaries?

A

Contractile state of arterioles

56
Q

what regulates blood flow in the mesentery?

A

Precapillary sphincters

57
Q

What cannot cross the capillary wall?

A

Plasma protein

58
Q

Net Filtration Pressure

A

Force favouring filtration - force opposing filtration

59
Q

which forces favour filtration?

A

capillary hydrostatic pressure

Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

60
Q

which forces oppose filtration?

A

capillary osmotic pressure

Interstital fluid hydrostatic pressure

61
Q

which end favours filtration in the capillaries

A

Arteriolar end

62
Q

which end favours reabsorption in the capillaries?

A

Veules

63
Q

Which end has the lower pressure of the capillaries?

A

Venules

64
Q

Define Oedema

A

Accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space

Cardiology (Own) (17 decks)

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