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Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Autorhythmicity

A

The capability of the heart to beat rhythmically in the absence of an external stimuli

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2
Q

Where does the excitation of the heart originate?

A

Pacemaker cells in the SA node

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3
Q

What is the parasympathetic supply to the heart?

A

Vagus nerve

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4
Q

What is the neurotransmitter and receptor in parasympathetic?

A

ACh acting on M2 muscarinic receptors

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5
Q

What does atropine do?

A

Speeds up the heart

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6
Q

What does increasing vagal stimulation do to the slope of the pacemaker?

A

Decreases slope

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7
Q

What does increasing sympathetic stimulation do to the slope of the pacemaker?

A

Increases slope

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8
Q

What is the neurotransmitter and receptor in sympathetic?

A

NA acting on beta1 adrenoreceptors

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9
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The outwards pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls

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10
Q

Which Korotkoff sound is hear when diastolic pressure is estimated?

A

Fifth

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11
Q

Pressure gradient between the aorta and the right atrium

A

Mean arterial pressure - central venous (right atrial) pressure

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12
Q

What is mean arterial blood pressure?

A

The average arterial blood pressure during a single cardiac cycle

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13
Q

Calculate mean arterial blood pressure

A

[(2 x diastolic) + systolic] / 3

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14
Q

What is the normal range of MAP?

A

70-105 mmHg

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15
Q

Relationship between MAP, TPR and CO

A

MAP = CO x TPR

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16
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle of the heart per minute

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17
Q

Relationship between CO, SV and HR?

A

CO = SV x HR

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18
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per beat

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19
Q

What are the major resistance vessels?

A

Arterioles

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20
Q

Which cranial nerve is involved in transmission from the carotid baroreceptors?

A

IX th CN

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21
Q

Which cranial nerve is involved in transmission from the aortic baroreceptors?

A

X th CN

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22
Q

What are the two main factors which affect extracellular fluid volume?

A
  1. Water excess/deficit

2. Na+ excess/deficit

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23
Q

Which hormones regulate extracellular fluid volume?

A
  1. Renin angiotensin aldosterone system
  2. Atrial Natriuretic peptide
  3. Antidiuretic hormone
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24
Q

What is the rate limiting step for RAAS?

A

Renin secretion

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25
What regulates total peripheral resistance?
Vascular smooth muscle
26
What type of autonomic supply is given to the vascular smooth muscle?
Sympathetic
27
What is vasomotor tone?
When the vascular smooth muscles are partially constricted at rest
28
Which receptor causes vasoconstriction of arterioles when acted on by adrenaline?
alpha adrenoreceptors
29
Which receptor causes vasodilation of arterioles when acted on by adrenaline?
beta 2 adrenoreceptors
30
Which two hormones (other than adrenaline) cause vasoconstriction?
Angiotensin | Antidiuretic hormone
31
Name 3 local humeral agents which cause vasodilatation
Histamine Bradykinin Nitric oxide
32
Name 4 humoral agents which cause vasoconstriction
Serotonin Thromboxane A2 Leukotrines Endothelin
33
What does sympathetic stimulation do to the heart?
Increases SA node firing | Decreases AV node delay
34
What is the refractory period?
A period following an action potential in which it is not possible to produce another AP
35
What is after load?
The resistance into which the heart is pumping
36
What does inotropic relate to?
FORCE
37
What does chronotropic relate to?
RATE
38
What does vagal stimulation have major influence on?
Rate
39
What does adenosine do to blood vessels in the coronary system?
Vasodilator
40
When does peak left coronary blood flow occur?
Diastole
41
Where does the brain receive its blood supply from?
Internal carotids and vertebral arteries
42
Which part of the brain is sensitive to hypoxia?
Grey matter
43
What is the purpose of the circle of Willis?
So that if one carotid artery is obstructed, cerebral perfusion is maintained
44
If MABP rises, what is the effect on the auto regulation of resistance vessels to cerebral flow?
Constricts
45
If MABP falls, what is the effect on the auto regulation of resistance vessels to cerebral flow?
Dilate
46
Why can hyperventilating lead to fainting?
Too much CO2, so causes cerebral vasodilation
47
What MABP causes fainting, confusion etc.
50mmHg
48
What is the normal inter cranial pressure?
8-13 mmHg
49
What do cerebral capillaries contain?
Tight intercellular junctions which make up the blood brain barrier
50
What is the typical pulmonary artery BP?
20-25/6-12 mmHg
51
What does hypoxia do to pulmonary arterioles?
Vasoconstriction - to divert blood from poorly ventilated areas
52
What does hypoxia do to systemic arterioles?
Vasodilation
53
what is interstitial fluid?
Fluid which bathes the body cells - it acts as a go between blood and body cells
54
which type of cells make up capillaries?
endothelial cells
55
what determines blood flow in the capillaries?
Contractile state of arterioles
56
what regulates blood flow in the mesentery?
Precapillary sphincters
57
What cannot cross the capillary wall?
Plasma protein
58
Net Filtration Pressure
Force favouring filtration - force opposing filtration
59
which forces favour filtration?
capillary hydrostatic pressure | Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
60
which forces oppose filtration?
capillary osmotic pressure | Interstital fluid hydrostatic pressure
61
which end favours filtration in the capillaries
Arteriolar end
62
which end favours reabsorption in the capillaries?
Veules
63
Which end has the lower pressure of the capillaries?
Venules
64
Define Oedema
Accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space

Cardiology (Own) (17 decks)

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