Pathology

Question 1

What can the underlying problems be in secondary hypertension?

Answer 1

Renal disease
Endocrine disease
Aortic disease
Renal artery stenosis
Drug therapy - corticosteroids

Question 2

What is usually the underlying disease of ab MI?

Answer 2

Atheroma

Question 3

Is a fatty streak reversible?

Answer 3

Yes

Question 4

What comes after a fatty streak formation (if not resolved)?

Answer 4

Fibrofatty plaque

Question 5

What is smooth muscle replaced by in a fibrofatty plaque?

Answer 5

Dense fibrous tissue - non elastic

Question 6

What is arterial stenosis?

Answer 6

Narrowing of the arterial lumen

Question 7

What does an arterial thrombosis give rise to?

Answer 7

Infarction

Question 8

What happens in arterial dissection?

Answer 8

Split within the media causing a false lumen to form and blood flows within the walls

Question 9

Where does a clot form?

Answer 9

Outside the vessel

Question 10

Where does thrombosis occur?

Answer 10

Within the vessel

Question 11

Virchow’s Triad

Answer 11

Endothelial injury
Hypercoaguability
Turbulent blood flow

Question 12

What 2 things are needed for a thrombus to form?

Answer 12

Platelet activation and fibrin production

Question 13

What 2 things do collagen bind to on a platelet?

Answer 13

Glycoprotein Ia/IIb and von Willebrands factor

Question 14

What do platelets release to attract more platelets?

Answer 14

vWF
Platelet activating factor
Thromboxane A2
ADP

Question 15

Define atherosclerosis?

Answer 15

Formation of plaques at the site of endothelial injury

Question 16

Why doesn’t thrombosis occur in the arteries?

Answer 16

The flow is high so the platelets don’t get enough time to all clump up

Question 17

Causes of endothelial Injury

Answer 17

Hypertension
Toxins
Smoking
Infection
Autoimmune disorders - vasculitis

Question 18

Where does blood flow slow down?

Answer 18

Deep veins

Question 19

What does protein C and S do?

Answer 19

Degrade factor V and VIII

Question 20

What does antithrombin III do?

Answer 20

Degrades factor II, IX and X

Question 21

What is plasmin?

Answer 21

A clot buster

Question 22

Define Embolism

Answer 22

A dislodged thrombus which travels round the body until it gets stuck somewhere

Question 23

Causes of an embolism?

Answer 23

Thrombosis
Air
Septic
Fat 
Amniotic 
Tumour

Question 24

Define ischaemia

Answer 24

Insufficient blood supply

Question 25

Define infarction

Answer 25

Cell death as a result of inadequate tissue perfusion (ischaemia)