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endocrine/nervous system > physiology > Flashcards

physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones released by the hypothalamus

A

ADH, oxytocin, inhibiting and increasing hormones

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2
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A

ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, MSH

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3
Q

Posterior hormones

A

Releases oxytocin and ADH made in hypothalamus.

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4
Q

Pinal gland hormones

A

melatonin

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5
Q

parathyroid gland Hormones

A

Parathyroid hormones

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6
Q

Thyroid gland hormones

A

thyroxine (T4), triiodonthyronin (T3), calcitonin

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7
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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8
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, androgens

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9
Q

Adipose tissue hormone secretion

A

Leptin

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10
Q

Kidney hormone secretion

A

Erythropoetin (EPO) and calcitriol

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11
Q

Heart hormone secretion

A

Natriuretic peptides: atrial natriuretic and brain natriuretic peptides.

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12
Q

Amino acid derivatives hormones

A

Small molecules structurally related to individual amino acids

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13
Q

Hormone derivative to tryptophan

A

Melatoni, seratonin

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14
Q

Hormone derivative of tyrosine

A

thyroxine (T4) and catecholamines (epinephrine/norepinephrine/dopamine).

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15
Q

Peptide hormones

A

Chains of amino acids. Most are synthesized as pro-hormones. Are composed of short polypeptides and small proteins

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16
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Proteins of more than 200 amino acids that have carbohydrate side chain

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17
Q

Lipid derived hormones

A

Carbon rings and side chains, built from fatty acid and cholesterol

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18
Q

Eicosanoids hormones

A

Lipid derivative of arachidonic acid. Paracrine factors. Included leukotrienes, prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and prostacyclins.

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19
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Similar to cholesterol, lipid derived hormone. Derived from cholesterol. Released by gonads, adrenal cortex, and the kidney. Remain in circulation longer than secreted peptide hormones because steroids are transported by specific transport proteins.

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20
Q

Free hormone stability

A

Remain functional less than 1 hour. Bind receptors, are broken down by liver/kidney, or broken down by enzymes in plasma or interstitial fluids.

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21
Q

Catecholamines and peptide receptors

A

Found on outside of cells since not lipid soluble. Extracellular receptors

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22
Q

Eicosanoids and steroid cell receptors

A

Intracellular receptors. Hormone is lipid soluble. Pass through membrane to receptor on inside of plasma membrane.

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23
Q

Hormone first messenger

A

Hormone and primary extracellular receptor. Leads to secondary messenger. Results in change in rates of metabolic reactions

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24
Q

Hormone secondary messenger

A

cAMP, cGTP, calcium ions. Secondary messengers lead to amplification of small number of hormones.

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25
Q

Hormone down regulation

A

Abundant hormone triggers decrease in hormone receptors. Cells become less sensitive to hormone.

26
Q

Hormone up regulation

A

Absence of hormone triggers increase in number of receptors. Cells become more sensitive to hormone.

27
Q

G protein

A

Enzyme complex coupled to membrane receptor that links first receptor to second messenger. The G protein activation increases cellular cAMP in cell.

28
Q

When is cAMP increased inside of a cell

A

cAMP increased when hormones bind receptors on cell surface. This leads to an increase of cAMP and accelerates metabolic activity. G protein activation increases cAMP inside cell.

29
Q

What opens calcium ion channels in extracellular membrane and intracellular reserves?

A

Activated G protein. Calcium ions activate calmodulin.

30
Q

What hormones alter rate of DNA transcriptions?

A

Steroids and thyroid hormones.

31
Q

Humoral stimuli

A

Changes the composition of extracellular fluid

32
Q

Hormonal stimuli

A

Arrival or removal of specific hormone

33
Q

Neural stimuli

A

Arrival of neurotransmitters at neuroglandular junctions.

34
Q

Simple endocrine reflexes

A

Involves only one hormone. Controls secretion of heart, pancrease, parathyroid gland and GI.

35
Q

Complex endocrine reflexes

A

One or more intermediary steps requiring two or more hormones.

36
Q

Antagonistic interaction

A

Actions oppose each other

37
Q

Synergistic interaction

A

Action enhance effects of each other

38
Q

Permissive interaction

A

One hormone requires the effects of the other to function.

39
Q

Integrative interaction

A

One hormone has different effects on other organs.

40
Q

Neuroendocrine reflexes

A

Both hormonal and neural components.

41
Q

Complex hormone control

A

Changed by amount of hormone released or pattern or hormone release (sudden burst).

42
Q

How is hormone regulated in the blood?

A

Negative feedback. Low levels of hormone trigger the release of more hormone.

43
Q

Location, size, and name of pituitary gland

A

Lies in sella turcica surrounded by sellar diaphragm. Size of a pea and also called hypophysis. Connected to hypothalamus via the infundibulum.

44
Q

What type of hormones does the anterior pituitary release?

A

Peptide hormones that use cAMP as secondary messenger.

45
Q

Anterior pituitary lobe anatomical parts

A

Pars tuberalis, pars distalis, pars intermedia.

46
Q

Adenohypophysis

A

Another name for anterior pituitary

47
Q

What is the hypophyseal portal system

A

Median eminence near infundibulum. Hypothalamic neurons release regulatory factors to control anterior pituitary.

48
Q

Blood vessel portal system

A

Allows hypothalamus to release inhibiting/releasing hormones then allow anterior pituitary to release their hormones into circularity system.

49
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

The posterior pituitary

50
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Vasopressin, water re absorption during dehydration, increase blood pressure via vasoconstriction. Targes kidneys.

51
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Hyposecretion of ADH. Large amounts of dilute urine.

52
Q

Oxytocin

A

Hypothalamus via posterior pituitary. Uterine contractions. Male/female contraction during orgasm and milk let down.

53
Q

Pineal gland

A

Produce melatonin, made from seratonin.

54
Q

Melatonin

A

Regulates circadian rhythm, protects from free radical, and inhibit reproductive function

55
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Butterfly shaped, inferior to larynx, largest pure endocrine gland with two lobes.

56
Q

Endemic Goiter

A

Lack of diet iodine cause thyroid swelling

57
Q

Thyroid hormone function

A

Affects most cells, essential to development of skeletal, muscular, and nervous system. Calorigenic effect produce heat.

58
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Thyrotoxicosis, Graves disease (exophthalmos).

59
Q

Calcitonin

A

Produced by C cells (parafollicular). Decrease calcium levels and osteoclast activity. Stimulates calcium excretion by the kidneys.

60
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

Secretes parathyroid hormone that increases osteoclast activity and blood calcium levels. Calcium reabsorption in kidneys.

61
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

Four glands on posterior surface of thyroid gland.

endocrine/nervous system (3 decks)

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