Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

endocrine/nervous system > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Divisions of the functional nervous system

A

Somatic and autonomic (visceral) nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Somatic nervous system innervation

A

Skin and most skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Innervates visceral and smooth muscles and glands. Includes sympathetic and parasymphathetic divisions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Formation of Neural tube

A

Thickening/elongation of neural plate, Lateral folding, fusion of opposing folds and separation from overlying ectoderm (Neural crest cells).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Lateral folding of the neural plate

A

Neural groove formed, Median hinge point formed, and lateral hinge points formed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Neural crest cell formation

A

Fusion of neural tube allows overlying cells to seperates and become neural crest cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where are molecular signals for brain development initiated?

A

Neural crest plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

BPM molecular signals

A

Neural crest signals that established brain sensory regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

SHH molecular signals

A

Neural crest signals that establish brain motor regions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

At day 26, what are the brain segments?

A

Proscencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the primary CNS segments?

A

Three brain segments, spinal cord, flexures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What segment makes up the midbrain vesicle?

A

Mesencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What brain segment Makes up the forebrain vesicle?

A

Prosencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What Brain segment makes up the hindbrain vesicle?

A

Rhombencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens at week 5 to the brain segments?

A

The three segments further divide into 5 segments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What segments does the prosencephalon differentiate into?

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What segments does the rhombencephalon differentiate into?

A

Metencephalon and myelencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What brain segment doesn’t differentiate?

A

Mesencephalon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What becomes of the five brain segments?

A

They each differentiate into specific parts of the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where does the cell lineages within the CNS come from

A

Pseudostratified epithelium made of neuroepithelial cells. Dividing neuroepithelial cells are at the lumen of neural tube while external limiting cells at basement membrane are undergoing DNA synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the primary cell lineage of CNS cells?

A

neuroepithelium -> multipotential stem cells -> bipotential progenitor cells -> neuronal lineage or glial lineage progenitor cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do neuronal lineage cells become?

A

Mature Neuron or microglial cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do glial lineage cells become?

A

Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, special glial cells, or ependymal cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a neurite outgrowth?

A

Axons and dendrites. Growth cones extend filopodia into environment to test local environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Forebrain segmentation structures

A

Prosomeres and ventral forebrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What happens if ventral forebrain is not induced?

A

Holoprosencephaly and cyclopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does the midbrain become?

A

Isthmic organizer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does the hindbrain become

A

Rhombomeres and isthmic organizer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the spinal cord differential into?

A

Bilateral pairs of spinal nerves which is determined by somitic mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Telencephalon becomes?

A

Cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Diencephalon becomes?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal body, pituitary gland, eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Mesencephalon becomes

A

Auditory colliculi, Cerebral aqueduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Metencephalon becomes

A

Pons and cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Myelencephalon becomes

A

Medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What cells form all symphathetic/parasymphathetic ganglia?

A

Neural crest cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

T/F:motor Neuroblast forms their axons as outgrowths in the basal plate

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How do neural crest cells form spinal ganglion

A

The neural crest growth of the dendrites toward the periphery; the axon growth towards the dorsal horn.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are schwann cells?

A

Neural crest cells that wrap around the nerve process in the peripheral nerve system. Many schwann cells for one neuron. The schwann cell spirals around the neuron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Neuron filopodia

A

From neurons that extend and retract to test environment. If environment is favorable, then filopodia will adhere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is a neurite?

A

An axon or dendrite that is capped by a growth cone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How is axon outgrowth achieved?

A

If environment is favorable, the pioneering axon grows out before the others follow. Many then follow forming fasciculation by fasciles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is neuron stabilization?

A

Interaction between axon and target determine connection type and number. Apoptosis occurs if connection issues of need to reduce number of neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Where do neural crest cell originate from?

A

Lateral margins of neural plate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How do neural crest cell migrate?

A

As mesenchymal cells. They change shape by loosing cell adhesion molecules (CAM) and gain integrins. Integrins allow for travel through well defined pathways. CAM’s re-expressed at new locations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the two neural crest cell differentiation hypothesis?

A

Equal development potential-differentiation determined by environment.
Preprogrammed before migration-determined by internal factors.
Both are true.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Three major divisions of neural crest cell?

A

Cranial, circumpharyngeal, and Trunk NCC.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the cranial NCC?

A

Responsible for tissues of facial region.

48
Q

What are the circumpharyngeal NCC?

A

Makes up gut and heart. Two pathways: Vagal crest cells and cardiac crest cells.

49
Q

What are the trunk NCC?

A

Makes adrenal chromaffin cells (adrenal cortex), melanocytes, sensory ganglia, sympathetic ganglia/neurons.

50
Q

What makes up the motor nervous system?

A

The somatic and autonomic divisions. Autonomic division has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

51
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

Sensory (afferent), Motor (efferent) and interneurons (most abundant).

52
Q

What are neuroglial cells?

A

Provide neuronal support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, forms myelin, and participates in transmission. More neuroglial cells than neurons.

53
Q

What is the cell body of a neuron?

A

A soma and contains the grey matter

54
Q

What is the name of a RER in a neuron?

A

Nissl body

55
Q

Are are the name of cell clusters in the CNS? The PNS?

A

CNS is nuclei, PNS is ganglia.

56
Q

What are the role of dendrites?

A

To receive signals and carry to soma. Have leaky sodium channels.

57
Q

What are the role of axons?

A

Carry action potential away from soma that originated from axon hillocks. Axon may have collateral.

58
Q

What are the structures of a synapse.

A

Presynaptic neuron with vesicles, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic neuron with receptors.

59
Q

What is the resting potential inside a neuron?

A

It is negative inside the cell (-70mV) compared to the outside of the cell.

60
Q

Neuron sodium/potassium pump?

A

3 sodium out, 2 potassium inside cell keeps resting potential.

61
Q

What is the graded potential?

A

Stimulus at the dendrite of a neuron. Occurs when leaky channels open in dendrites causing depolarization. If GP sufficient, then potential spreads to axon hillocks. Must overcome threshold potential in order to transmit signal down axon hillock/axon.

62
Q

What are the three neuron structural classifications?

A

Bipolar (symmetrical), unipolar, and multipolar neuron.

63
Q

What are the types of glial cells?

A

Six types: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal, schwann, and satellite cells.

64
Q

Astrocyte cells

A

Largest and most numerous, control environment, assist in migration of new neurons, maintains blood-brain barrier.

65
Q

Oligodendrocytes cells

A

Produce/maintain neurons with myelin sheaths that surround many neurons.

66
Q

Microglia cells

A

Immune cells of CNS from WBC that act as macrophages. Clear unwanted debris by CNS lesions.

67
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Circulates CSF, forms linings of fluid ventricles, source of CSF fluid in brains.

68
Q

Satellite cells

A

In PNS, surround neuronal cells and provide support/insulation.

69
Q

Schwann cells

A

In PNS, form mylein sheaths in PNS. only cell for a small portion of neuron.

70
Q

How many cranial nerves and spinal nerves in PNS?

A

12 pair of cranial and 31 pair of spinal nerve pairs.

71
Q

Divisions of the ANS of the motor division?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic system.

72
Q

What is the resting potential?

A

When there is no net movement of ions across the cell membrane.

73
Q

Sodium potassium ATPase

A

Carries 3 sodium out and transports 2 potassium in. Balances passive forces of diffusion.

74
Q

Which ion is can easily pass through membrane of neuron?

A

Its highly permeable to potassium and low permeability to sodium.

75
Q

What do leak potassium channels in neurons do?

A

They allow potassium to passively leave neurons

76
Q

What do leak sodium channels do in neurons?

A

They allow sodium to passively enter neurons.

77
Q

What type of ion channels are in neurons?

A

Passive and active (gated) channels. Active channels include chemical, voltage, and mechanical gated channels.

78
Q

What happens during depolarization?

A

A shift in transmembrane potential toward 0mV. Movement of Na through channel into cell.

79
Q

What happens during repolarization?

A

Movement back to resting potential. Sodium gated channels close and potassium channels open allowing potassium to leave cell.

80
Q

What happens during hyperpolarization?

A

Increasing negativity of the resting potential

81
Q

What is refractory period?

A

The time period from beginning of action potential to resting state.

82
Q

Absolute refractory potential

A

Sodium channels open or inactivated. No action potential possible.

83
Q

Relative refractory potential

A

Membrane potential almost normal. Large stimulus can activate it.

84
Q

How many groups of axons fibers?

A

Three groups of axon (A, B, C).

85
Q

Group A axon fibers

A

Mylinated, large diameter, high speed, carry rapid information to/from CNS

86
Q

Group B axon fibers

A

Myelinated, medium diameter, medium speed, carry intermediate signals.

87
Q

Group C axon fibers

A

Unmyelinated, small diameter, slow speed.

88
Q

What are the two types of synapses?

A

Electrical and chemical synapses.

89
Q

Electrical synapse

A

Direct physical contact with cells

90
Q

Chemical synapse

A

Signal transmitted across gap via chemical neurotransmitters.

91
Q

What do excitatory neurotransmitters do at post-synaptic membranes?

A

They activate post-synaptic by depolarization

92
Q

What do inhibitory neurotransmitters do to post synaptic membranes?

A

The hyperpolarize the post synaptic membrane to inhibit response.

93
Q

Synaptic delay

A

Occurs at arrival of action potential at synaptic terminal and effect post-synaptic terminal. Less terminals means faster response. Reflexes may involve only one synapse.

94
Q

What causes synaptic fatigue?

A

Occurs when neurotransmitter are depleted and cannot send stimulus until replenishment.

95
Q

What are the five neurotransmitters?

A

Norepinephrine (NE), dopamine, serotonin, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA).

96
Q

What are neuromodulators?

A

Similar to neurotransmitters but have longer effects and take longer to appear. Require multiple steps and often an intermediate.

97
Q

What are the ways neurotransmitter/neuromodulators work at the synapse?

A

Direct effect (ACh, glycine, aspartate), indirect via G protein (E, NE, dopamine), and indirect via intracellular enzyme (lipid soluble gases, NO, CO).

98
Q

How does indirect G protein work at synapse?

A

Work through second messenger. Enzyme complex binds GTP and activates adenylate cyclase, produces cAMP (second messenger). cAMP opens ions channels to depolarize.

99
Q

How does indirect intracellular enzyme synapse activation work?

A

Lipid soluble gas activates intracellular enzyme that opens channels and changes cell activity.

100
Q

How is information processed at individual neuron?

A

It is a net effect on axon. Individual neuron receives both excitation and inhibitory signals, but works on net effects.

101
Q

Temporal summation

A

Rapid, repeated stimuli at on synapse, occurs multiple times.

102
Q

Spatial summation

A

From multiple locations, many stimuli received at multiple synapses.

103
Q

Chain of autonomic neurons

A

Two motor neurons; pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic

104
Q

What is the physiology of sympathetic neuron chains?

A

Pre-ganglionic: short, myelinated, high branches
Post-ganglionic: long, non-myelinated, few branches
T1-L2, called the thoracolumbar division.

105
Q

What does the sympathetic chain ganglia innervate?

A

Innervates effectors in the thoracic cavity, head, and limbs. (eyes, salivary gland, heart, lung)

106
Q

What does the sympathetic collateral ganglia innervate?

A

Anterior to vertebrae. Innervate organs in abdominopelvic region (liver, stomach, GI, kidney, adrenal medulla).

107
Q

What organ is activated by sympathetic system that releases neurotransmitters into blood?

A

The adrenal medullae.

108
Q

Parasympathetic neuron chains physiology

A

Pre-ganglionic chains: Myelinated, long, few branches
Post-ganglionic chains: myelinated, short, few branches.
Origin: Brainstem, sacral spinal cord. Called craniosacral division.

109
Q

What neurotransmitters are used by the sympathetic system?

A

Pre-ganglionic used ACh,

Post-ganglionic release NE, Epi.

110
Q

What neurotransmitters are used by the parasympathetics system?

A

Pre-ganglionic used ACh,

post-ganglionic use ACh or NO.

111
Q

Alpha sympathetic receptors

A

For smooth muscle contraction, G protein

112
Q

Beta sympathetic receptors

A

Smooth muscle relaxation, heart muscle contraction. G protein.

113
Q

Cholinergic (ACh) sympathetic receptors

A

Innervates sweat glands, blood vessels of muscles and brain. Stimulates sweat glands and vaso-dilation.

114
Q

Nitroxidergic sympathetic synapses

A

NO as neurotransmitter. Produce vaso-dilation to increase blood flow to brain, muscles.

115
Q

Nicotinic parasympathetic synapses

A

On ganglionic cells to excite (depolarize) post-ganglionic neurons by ACh.

116
Q

Muscarinic parasympathetic synapses

A

At target organ, use G protein. Effects last longer than nicotinic receptors. Can excite or inhibit.

endocrine/nervous system (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions