Physiology Flashcards
cerebrum,diencephalon,cerebellum and brain steam
Parts of brain
largest part of the brain , sensations here, decisions here, language, sensory, limbic system, involves cerebral cortex(gray and white matter), sulci (grooves) deeper grooves fissures, Includes r/l hemispheres
Cerebrum
split into left and right separated by longitudinal fissures connected by the corpus callosum Left Hemisphere: in language,receptive and expressive, math skills, reasoning and analytical Right Hemispheres:sounds, melodies, art, emotional express
Hemispheres
regulates motor output,cognition and speech production Brocca’s area is here,
Frontal Lobe
receives info about proprioception sense where your body is reading,
Parietal Lobe
house auditory and olfactory areas and wernicke area, critical in language comprehension
Temporal Lobe
vision input
Occipital Lobe
located in the center of the brain, includes the Thalamus and Hypothalamus thalamus:sensory hypothalamus: regulates the ANS and endocrine system by the pituitary, controls behavior and circadian rhythms, controls hunger, thirst sleep etc
Diencephalon
cauliflower shaped structure located posterior and inferior to the cerebrum, second largest part of the brain and is concerned with muscle tone, coordinates complex movements, regulates movement and posture
Cerebellum
includes the spinal cord, includes the mid-brain,pons and medulla oblongatta Midbrain- conducts nerve impulses to the pons and sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the thalamus control movements to eyes,head and neck PONS: bridges cerebellum and cerebrum with spinal cord Medulla Oblongata: inferior portion of the brainstem, conducts sensory and motor impulses, contains, respiratory, cardiovascular and vasomotor
Brainsteam
molecules strung together resembling a twisted double strand of beads, round protein that form backbone of the thin myofilaments
Actin
long proteins with globular heads; responsible for binding with the actin molecules and pulling the thin myofilaments closer together made from thick myofilaments
Myosin
positioned within each myofibril are small contractile units , contains myofilaments, mainly actin and myosin, includes defining ends zlines, H zone(center), A band (Length of myosin), I band (Thin myofilament)
Sacromere
dark pigament of the skin and hair produced by the melanocyte usually in the stratum basale, protection of UV rays
Melanin
Protein produced by keratinocytes, gives skin protection, keeps skin impenetreatable, made of hair and nails
Keratin
regulates sleep-wake cycles of the body
Melatonin
group of skeletal muscles innervated by a single spinal segment
Myotome
a layer of tissue that covers the surfaces of bones; provides a connective layer around the bone to which tendons can attach
Periosteum
Type A: Presence of Antigen A; against B Type B: Antigen B; against A Type AB: presence of antigens A and B; no antibodies Type O: Absence of both antigens; presence of antibodies against both antigens Universal Recipient: Type AB; can receive this blood type and all others Universal Donor: Type O
Blood Types
Avascular, tough, protective connective tissue found chiefly in thorax,joints and some rigid tubes
Cartilage
promotes bone development, helps absorb and metabolize calcium and aids the immune system found in milk,fish,liver oils an sun exposure
Vitamin D
functions to transport blood and respiratory gases, Protection and combat hemorrhage Includes the blood,heart,blood vessels,
Cardiovascular System
responsible for transporting nutrients to and wast products from cells, includes RBCs(erthrocytes), WBC’s (Leukocytes) and platelets (thrombocytes) 5L total
Blood
known as red blood cells, makes up more than 90% of blood volume is to transport oxygen to cells does not have a nucleus lives about 120 days, bioconcave, hemoglobin helps with
Erthrocytes
considered White blood cells, considered phagocytes and pinocytes, help to fight diseases include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes helps decrease histamines
Leukocytes
known as platelets, helps with coagulations and clot formation
Thrombocytes
straw colored fluid that helps transports blood cells includes fibrinogen and fibrin both aid in clotting
Plasma
hollow muscular organ about the size of a clenched fist located in mediastinum area , surrounded by the pericardium right side pumps oxygen depleted blood 72 bpm healthy hear average Involves three layers myocardium(thickest layer), endocardium (thin, inner lining), epicardium (thin outer layer)
heart
Right and left arias superior takes blood through large veins and pump it to the inferior chambers separated by interatrial septum; right and left ventricles pumping chambers of the heart pump blood to the body’s organs and tissues separated by interventricular septum
Heart Chambers
atrioventricular valves: allows blood to flow into the ventricles; bicuspid(mitral valve) located b/t the left atrium and left ventricle tricuspid valve (right av valve)located between the right/left atrium and ventricle
Semilunar valves: allow blood to flow out of te ventricles into the aorta and pulmonary trunk includes the: aortic valve(left semilunar valve) located b/t the left ventricle and aorta, pulmonary valve (right semilunar valve) located between the pulmonary trunk and the right ventricle
Heart Sounds
lubb-dubb
lub:first pitch av valves close, dubb sv close extras are murmurs
Valves
What is the cardiac flow:
SVC-RA-TV-RV-PV-L/R PA-lungs-L atrium-mv-LV-AV-Aorta anddescending aort-body
Cirlculation of Heart
Arteries-blood vessels carry blood away from the heart
Aertioles-small arteries
Veins-carry blood toward the heart
Veinoles-small veins
Capllaries-small blood vessels that connect arteriioles and venules; where exchange of gases,nutruients,wastes and hormones
Blood Vessels
Includes the SA node, Av node and purkinje fibers
SA Node natural pacemaker 60-100bpm
SA-AV-Purkinje fibers
Cardiac Cycle: systole: ventricles contract and eject blood
diastole: ventricles relax and fill the blood
Heart Rate 60-80 or 7s
Stroke Volume: amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle with each beat, determines cardiac output correlates with cardiac function
Cardiac Output: product of stroke volume times the heart rate average 5L increases with exercise 20L
Heart Conduction System
Aorta
Saphenous
Jungular
What is the largest artery?
What is the longest vein?
Largest vein?
movement of air in and out of the lungs
mechanical action of inhalation and exhalation that draws oxygen into the lungs and then releases co2 into the atmosphere
Respiration/Breathing
Exchange of gases,Olfaction,sound production and maintenance of homeostasis
Name the four functions of the respiratory system
Nose, Nasal Cavity,sinuses, pharynx and larynx
Nose: entry for air, anterior or external nares
Nasal Cavatities: seperated by the septum; upper portion called conchae, between the conchae is the meatus
Cilia: hair in nose Olfaction sense of smell
Sinuses:Frontal,Sphenoidal, Ethmoidal and Maxillary
Pharynx or throat-nasopharynx-oropharynx-larygopharynx
Larynx: voice box
Name parts of upper respiratory tract
Trachea(windpipe,below the adam’s apple,9-10 inches long has 6-21 hyaline cartilages split into r/l bronchi)
Bronchi/Bronchioles: r/l bronchi is air conduction passage ways; righ is larger easier for aspiration
Alveioli: gas exchange takes place, surfactant is at
Lungs: lungs of respiration
Diaphragm: dome shaped muscle seperates teh thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity; moves downward during inhalation upward exhalation
Parts of Lower Respiratory Tract
amount of air inhaled and exhaled in a single breath-
amount of air the person can inhale forcefully-
amont of air the person can exhale-
amount of air that remains in the lungs-
Total of all volumes left-
Tidal Volume
Inspiratory reserve
Expirtory Reserve
Residual volume
Vital Capacity
Organ located in the right upper quad of the abdominal cavity largest, produces bile, filters, metabolizes, nutrients
Liver
Principal organs of urnary system located in the upper lumbar region they process blood and form urine to be excreted
Kidneys
bone cell
Osteocyte
fight or flight response
rest and digest division
sympathetic division
parasympathetic
skin gland that secretes sebum to lubricate both the hair and the epidermis
Sebaceous gland
sweat glands mainly found on the back,forehead,hands and feet
Eccrine Glands
review hormones
review hormones p 640 or 58
