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Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Define minimal-change nephropathy?

A

LOSS of negative charges on basement membrane (lesion of glomerulus)

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2
Q

Define hydronephrosis?

A

distention and dilation of renal pelvis and calyces

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3
Q

Factors influencing glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure.

A

arterial plasma colloid osmotic pressure

filtration fraction

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4
Q

Factors INCREASING glomerular colloid osmotic pressure

A

INCREASING filtration fraction

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5
Q

Factors that determine glomerular hydrostatic pressure

A

arterial pressure

afferent arteriolar resistance

efferent arteriolar resistance

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6
Q

Factors that determine renal blood flow

A

tubular Na+ reabsorption

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7
Q

Substances that are actively secreted into renal tubules

A

creatinine

para-aminohippuric acid

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8
Q

Define “transport maximum”

A

limit to the rate at which the solute can be transported (due to saturation of transport system)

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9
Q

Define “solvent drag/bulk transport”

A

passive H2O reabsorption is coupled to Na+ reabsorption

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10
Q

Define “Addison’s disease”

A

absence of aldosterone

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11
Q

Define “Conn’s syndrome”

A

extra aldosterone

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12
Q

What is the maximum urine concentration that kidneys can produce?

A

1200-1400 mOsm/L

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13
Q

What is required by kidney tubules for formation of concentrated urine?

A

presence of ADH

high osmolarity of renal medullary interstitial tubule

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14
Q

Where in kidney tubules are MOST of the filtered electrolytes reabsorbed?

A

proximal tubule (65%)

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15
Q

What is the role of osmoreceptor-ADH feedback mechanism?

A

controls extracellular fluid [N+] and osmolarity

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16
Q

Where is ADH formed?

A

hypothalamus (in magnocellular neurons)

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17
Q

What is the function of osmoreceptor cells?

A

detect changes in osmotic pressure

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18
Q

What is the normal extracellular concentration of K+?

A

4.2 mEq/L

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19
Q

What is the clinical significance of EXCESS extracellular K+?

A

high concentration = cardiac arrest or fibrillation

20
Q

What is the overall effect of aldosterone secretion on K+ secretion?

A

INCREASED extracellular K+ = INCREASED aldosterone secretion

21
Q

What is the relationship between tubular flow rate and K+ secretion?

A

HIGH K+ intake = INCREASED K+ secretion rate

22
Q

What is the normal pH range of venous blood?

A

pH = 7.35-7.45

23
Q

What is the normal pH range of arterial blood?

A

pH = 7.37-7.44

24
Q

List the major systems that regulate pH?

A

acid-base buffer system

respirator system

kidneys

25
Q

What is the organ that primarily regulates bicarbonate buffer system?

26
Q

What is the primary method for removing nonvolatile acids?

A

via renal excretion

27
Q

What must happen BEFORE filtered bicarbonate is reabsorbed?

A

must react with secreted H+ (to form H2CO3 before reabsorption)

28
Q

List the mechanisms by which kidneys regulate extracellular H+

A

1- reabsorb filtered HCO3-
2- secrete H+
3- produce NEW HCO3-

29
Q

What is the role of carbonic anhydrase?

A

formation of NEW HCO3- (from CO2 + H2O)

30
Q

What is the LOWEST limit of pH that can be achieved by normal kidneys?

31
Q

What buffers are important in allowing larger [H+] to be excreted?

A

phosphate buffer system

ammonia buffer system

32
Q

Which agents dilate pulmonary arterioles?

A
  • isoproterenol

- AcH

33
Q

Which agents constrict pulmonary arterioles?

A
  • norepinephrine
  • epinephrine
  • angiotensin II
  • prostaglandins
34
Q

Which agents constrict pulmonary venules?

A
  • serotonin
  • histamine
  • E. Coli endotoxin
35
Q

What are the factors that control [O2] in alveoli?

A
  • rate of O2 absorption into blood

- rate of NEW O2 entry into lungs (alveolar ventilation)

36
Q

What are the factors that control [CO2] in alveoli?

A
  • rate of CO2 excretion

- alveolar ventilation

37
Q

What does “Va/Q” ratio refers to?

A

ventilation-perfusion ratio

38
Q

What factors allow the diffusion capacity of O2 to INCREASE during exercise?

A

INCREASED surface area of capillaries

39
Q

What factors determine tissue pO2?

A
  • rate of O2 transport to tissues

- rate of O2 consumption by tissues

40
Q

List the ways CO2 is transported in blood.

A

1- dissolved in blood (7%)
2- transported as H2CO3 (70%)
3- transported as carbamino hemoglobin (23%)

41
Q

Which respirator center establishes ramp signals?

42
Q

What is the function of Hering-Breuer inflation reflex? and where does it begin?

A

prevent excess inflation of lungs

43
Q

Define “apneusis”

A

failure to turn off inspiration

44
Q

Define “chemosensitivity”

A

a lab test that measures number of tumor cells killed by chemotherapy

45
Q

What are some of the diseases that LOWER glomerular capillary filtration coefficient?

A

chronic uncontrolled hypertension

diabetes mellitus (HIGH blood sugar)

KCU (3 decks)

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