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KCU > CLINICAL!!! > Flashcards

CLINICAL!!! Flashcards

1
Q

Sternal Foramen (Cleft Sternum)

A

i.e.; perforated sternum

Caused by…
- incomplete fusion of sternal ossification centers

Mistaken for a bullet hole or sternal disease/fracture

Common acupuncture point (directly above heart)

4-10% population

Found in inferior of sternal body

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2
Q

Pectus Carinatum

A

Caused by…
- overgrowth of cartilage (connective tissue holds ribs to breastbone)

Sternum protrudes

Evident at birth; adolescent males

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3
Q

Pectus Exacavatum

A

i.e.; funner chest

Sternum inward

Caused by…
- overgrowth of costal cartilage

Restricts expansion

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4
Q

Talipes Equinovarus (Clubfoot)

A

1/1000 births (2x more frequent in males)

Sole of foot is turned medially (inverted foot)

Types:

  • Flexible
  • Rigid
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5
Q

Amelia

A

Full absence of limb

Caused by…
- early loss of Fgf signaling

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6
Q

Meromelia

A

Partial absence of limb

Caused by…
- later/partial loss of Fgf signaling

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7
Q

Mesomelia

A

Shortened forearm/leg

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8
Q

Phocomelia (Thalidomide Phocomelia)

A

Hands/feet attached to trunk

Caused by…
- partial loss of Fgf OR Hox gene disruption

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9
Q

Adactyly

A

Absence of digits

Caused by…
- even later loss of Fgf signaling

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10
Q

Ectrodactyly (Lobster Claw or Cleft Hand)

A

Absence of 1 or more central digits (divided into 2 parts opposing each other)

Remaining digits are partly or completely fused

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11
Q

Polydactyly

A

Extra digits (medial or lateral rather than central)

Caused by…
- upregulation of Shh pathway

Genetics: Dominant Trait

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12
Q

Syndactyly

A

Fusion of digits

Caused by…

  • bmp or Shh disruption
  • failure of apoptosis in digital ray

More frequent between 3rd and 4th fingers; 2nd and 3rd toes

Genetics: Simple Dominant or Simply Recessive

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13
Q

Brachydactyly

A

Short digits/stature

Reduction in length of phalanges

Genetics: Dominant Trait

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14
Q

Radial Dysplasia (Radial Club Hand)

A

Hypoplastic or absent muscular structures and radial nerve

Tx: early passive stretching exercises and corrective casting

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15
Q

Sirenomelia (Mermaid Syndrome)

A

Characterics:

  • 1 umbilical artery
  • single or fused lower limb
  • renal agenesis/severe dysgenesis
  • absent anus
  • oligohydraminios amniotic fluid level

Tx… surgery:

1) fused legs are splayed in a v-type
2) saline sack insertion (stretching skin)
3) 2 operations; 3 months apart
4) last operation to rotate feet forward

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16
Q

Achondroplasia (Dwarfism)

A

Defect in endochondral bone formation (impairs longitudinal growth at tubular bones)

Caused by…

  • mutation on Fgf-R3
  • pathologic changes at epiphyseal plate (zones of proliferation and hypertrophy are narrow/disorganized)

Genetics: Autosomal Dominant

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17
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (Brittle Bone Disease)

A

Easy predisposition to fractures and deformities (related to connective tissue abnormalities)

Caused by…
- defective genes (affecting collagen production)

18
Q

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

A

Caused by…
- impingement of blood vessels and nerves (brachial plexus) in space between collarbone and 1st rib (thoracic outlet)

Slide note:
- extra ribs arise from C7

19
Q

Herniated Disc

A

i.e.; slipped disc/ruptured disc

Caused by…

  • disc degeneration (aging-related)
  • spinal cord loses water content (making them less flexible)
20
Q

Kyphosis

A

i.e.; Sheuermann kyphosis

Forward abnormal/exaggerated THORACIC curvature

Caused by…

  • developmental abnormalities
  • osteoporosis (bone-thinning disorder)
  • compression fractures
  • degenerative disease (age-related)

Common in older women

21
Q

Lordosis

A

Forward abnormal/exaggerated LUMBAR curvature

Caused by…

  • congenital abnormalities
  • musculoskeletal problems
  • degenerative disease
22
Q

Scoliosis

A

Lateral abnormal/exaggerated curvature of spine

Caused by…

  • congenital
  • neuromuscular (cerebral palsy; muscular dystrophy)
  • idiopathic
23
Q

Spondylolysis

A

Broken/loose vertebra

Common cause of “spondylolisthesis”

Caused by…

  • Pars Interarticularis weakness
  • trauma
  • degenerative disease
24
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A

Anterior/ventral displacement (slips-out) of vertebra

Common progression from “spondylolysis”

Congenital origin

25
Q

Compression Fracture

A

Collapse of vertebra

Caused by…

  • trauma
  • degenerative disease
  • weakening of vertebra

“Osteoporosis” is most common type

26
Q

Sacralization

A

Fusion or partial fusion of L5 to sacrum

Congenital origin

27
Q

Osteopenia

A

Thinning/reduction of bone mass

Caused by…

  • degenerative origin
  • hormonal (decreased estrogen/testosterone)
  • smoking
  • excess acohol
28
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Diminishing bone density (bones prone to fracture)

Caused by…
- degenerative disease

Most common on hips, wrist or spine

29
Q

Cervical Trauma

A

Articulated cervical vertebrae are less tightly interlocked (prone to dislocation)

Cause trauma to spinal cord

30
Q

Burst Fractures (Jefferson Fracture)

A

Lateral masses of C1 are composed bewteen occipital condyles and axis (C2)
(fracturing anterior a/o posterior of C1)

May involve rupture of transverse ligament (resulting in dislocation)

Caused by…
- sudden/forceful compression of C1 (ex. diving accidents, roll-over car)

31
Q

Fracture of Vertebral Arch (Hangman’s Fracture)

A

Fracture of pars interarticularis (traumatic spondylolysis of C2)

Caused by…

  • hyperextension of neck (whiplash)
  • severe causes of acceleration/deceleration syndrome
32
Q

Dens Fracture

A

Fracture at base of dens or along body axis

Caused by…
- horizontal blow to head

33
Q

Varicose Veins

A

i.e.; dilated/tortuous/enlarged/gnarled veins

Damaged/nonfunctional valves allow blood back-flow

Common in lower limbs

Caused by…

  • age
  • pregnancy
  • obesity

Tx:
- sclerotherapy (irritant injected into smaller veins to cause scarring and closure)

34
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

A

Blood clot (thrombus) forms in deep veins

Common in sural (calf) or femoral (thigh) region

Caused by…

  • pregnancy
  • “economy class syndrome” (i.e.; airplane)

Risk factors:

  • venous injury (from surgery or trauma)
  • poor blood circulation
    • heart failure
    • increased blood thickness
    • small blood clots
    • prolonged immobilization
  • increased blood clotting
    • anticlotting factor deficiencies
    • autoimmune disorders
    • cancers
    • platlet disorders

Tx:
- anticoagulant

35
Q

Hypertension (High BP)

A

Chronically elevated BP (force of blood against artery walls is too high)

Damage to vessel wall => thickening of wall => decrease lumen

Types:

  • primary (essential)
  • secondary

Caused by…

  • obstructive sleep apnea
  • kidney problems
  • adrenal gland tumors
  • thyroid problems
  • congenital
  • alcohol/medication abuse
36
Q

Sternal Cleft

A

Sternum sunken posteriorly

Caused by…
- defective sternal fusion (of paired mesodermal bands in ventral midline)

37
Q

Cogenital Scoliosis

A

Abnormal lateral curvature of spine

Results from…

  • disruption of normal vertebral development
  • abnormal formation/segmentation of vertebral precursors (i.e.; somites)

Types of failures:

  • formation (semi-segmented; fully segmented; wedged)
  • segmentation (block vertebrae; unsegmented bar)
  • mixed (unsegmented w/ Hemivertebrae)
38
Q

Upregulation of ZPA

A

Addition of posterior elements

39
Q

Loss of ZPA

A

Loss of posterior elements

40
Q

Duplication of ZPA

A

Duplication of elements (smaller digits)

41
Q

General Disruption of ZPA

A

Causes dysregulation of growth

  • upregulation => too long
  • lost => too short
42
Q

Mirror Image Duplication

A

Caused by…

  • misexpression of RA or Shh, or…
  • duplication of AER

KCU (3 decks)

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