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Musculoskeletal > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 types of muscle in the body

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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2
Q

Which of the 3 types of muscle lack striation?

A

Smooth muscle

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3
Q

Which of the 3 types of muscles are under voluntary control?

A

Skeletal muscle

Somatic NS innervation

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4
Q

What is a skeletal muscle motor unit?

A

One alpha motor neurone

+ all the skeletal muscle fibres it innervates

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5
Q

How does the number of muscle fibres within a motor unit affect overall function?

A

Greater number = more power but less precision

Fewer number = finer control but less power

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6
Q

In skeletal muscles, where does Ca come from to initiate contraction?

A

ENTIRELY from sarcoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

Where must action potential spread before Ca can be released by the SR?

A

Down transverse T tubules

Released from lateral sacs of SR

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8
Q

What are the 4 sarcomere zones?

A

A-band
H-zone
M-line
I-band

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9
Q

Which ion is required for cross-bridge formation during muscle contraction?

A

Ca++

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10
Q

How does Ca cause cross-bridge formation?

A

Binds to troponin

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11
Q

What is the transmitter of impulses at the neuromuscular junction?

A

Acetylcholine

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12
Q

What is ATP used for in muscle contraction?

A

Power cross bridges

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13
Q

What is ATP used for in muscle relaxation?

A

Release cross bridges

Pump Ca back into the SR

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14
Q

How does the duration of action potential in skeletal muscles relate to that of the resulting twitch?

A

AP is much shorter than the twitch

- allows summation for stronger contraction

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15
Q

What is tetanus of a skeletal muscle?

A

Maximal sustained contraction

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16
Q

How is a muscle tetanised?

A

Rapid action potentials to muscle fibres do not allow opportunity for relaxation, so summation occurs to its highest (constant) level

17
Q

Is tetanus possible in cardiac muscle?

A

No

- long refractory period prevents constant/summative twitches

18
Q

When might you get maximal tetanic contraction?

A

When muscle is at its optimal length before contraction

- for skeletal muscle, this is its resting length

19
Q

What are the 2 types of skeletal muscle contraction?

A

Isotonic

Isometric

20
Q

What is isotonic contraction?

A

Tension in muscle remains constant but its length changes

e.g. during movement

21
Q

What is isometric contraction?

A

Muscle tension develops at a constant muscle length

e.g. maintaining posture, holding objects

22
Q

How is muscle tension transmitted to bone?

A

Via elastic components of the muscle

23
Q

What is the relationship between velocity of muscle shortening and its load?

A

Inverse

  • max vel. at zero load
  • zero vel. at max load (isometric contraction)
24
Q

Describe the stretch reflex

A

Negative feedback

Resists passive change in muscle length to maintain its optimal length

25
Q

What are the sensory receptors of the stretch reflex?

A

Muscle spindle

  • aka intrafusal fibres
  • collection of specialised muscle fibres
26
Q

What are annulospiral fibres?

A

Sensory nerve endings of muscle spindles

27
Q

What are the efferent neurones that supply muscle spindles?

A

Gamma motor neurones

- sense that the muscle has been stretched beyond optimum length

28
Q

Name 3 metabolic sources of ATP to the muscle fibre

A

Transfer of phosphate from creatine phosphate to ADP
Oxidative phosphorylation
Glycolysis

29
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle fibres?

A

Type I - SLOW oxidative
Type IIa - Intermediate
Type IIx - FAST glycolytic

30
Q

Which activities are Type I muscle fibres more suited for?

A
  • slow twitch
  • for prolonged, low intensity, aerobic work
    e. g. walking, maintaining posture
31
Q

Which activities are Type IIa muscle fibres more suited for?

A
  • use both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
  • for prolonged mod. intensity work
    e. g. jogging
32
Q

Which activities are Type IIx muscle fibres more suited for?

A
  • fast twitch
  • anaerobic metabolism
  • for short-term high intensity activities e.g. jumping
33
Q

Which 3 investigations can be used to detect neuromuscular disease?

A

Electromyography (EMG)
Nerve conduction studies
Muscle enzyme checks e.g CK

34
Q

Name 3 types of joints. Examples?

A

Synovial e.g. knee
Fibrous e.g. between skull bones
Cartilaginous e.g. between vertebrae

35
Q

What is the synovial membrane?

A

Vascular connective tissue with lymphatics

- contains fibroblasts which produce the fluid

36
Q

What are the 2 types of synovial joints?

A

Simple: one pair of articular surfaces
Compound: more than one pair

37
Q

Name 3 extra-articular structures of the synovial joint which contributes to support

A

Ligaments
Tendons
Bursae

38
Q

Give features of synovial fluid

A

High viscocity because of mucin
Clear and transparent
Replenished and absorbed by cells of the synovial membrane

Musculoskeletal (19 decks)

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