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Musculoskeletal > Anatomy - Overview of lower limb > Flashcards

Anatomy - Overview of lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 6 regions of the lower limb

A 
Gluteal
Femoral
Knee
Leg
Ankle
Foot
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2
Q

Which is the only region of the lower limb without an anterior region

A

Gluteal

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3
Q

Name the 4 superficial muscles of the gluteal region

A

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia lata

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4
Q

What are the 3 functions of the superficial muscles of the gluteal region?

A

Extensors
Abductors
and Medial rotators of thigh

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5
Q

What is the innervation of the gluteus maximus

A

Inferior gluteal nerve

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6
Q

Which 3 muscles does the superior gluteal nerve innervate?

A

Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia lata

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7
Q

Name the 4 deep muscles of the gluteal region

A

Piriformis
Obturator internis
(superior + inferior) Gemelli
Quadratus fermoris

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8
Q

What are the 2 functions of the deep muscles of the gluteal region?

A

Lateral rotators of thigh

Hip stabilisers

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9
Q

Which nerves innervate the deep muscles of the gluteal region?

A

Nerves from the sacral plexus

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10
Q

Which foramen does the piriformis muscle run through?

A

Greater sciatic foramen

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11
Q

Name 3 nerves that enter the pelvis via the gluteal region

A

Sciatic
Pudendal
Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh

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12
Q

Which vertebral region does the sciatic nerve arise from?

A

L4, 5

S1, 2, 3

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13
Q

Give the main features of the sciatic nerve

A

Largest in the body
Innervates posterior thigh
+ all leg and foot muscles
+ most skin

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14
Q

Which vertebral region does the pudendal nerve arise from?

A

S2 to S4

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15
Q

Give the main feature of the pudendal nerve

A

It is the principal nerve of the perineum

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16
Q

Which vertebral region does the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh arise from?

A

S1 to S3

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17
Q

Give the main features of the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh

A

Innervates skin over posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral perineum and upper medial thigh

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18
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve divide into two? Which nerves does it form?

A

Distal thigh

  • Tibial nerve
  • Common fibular nerve
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19
Q

Which foramen does the sciatic nerve exit from? Near which muscle?
IMPORTANT

A

Most lateral structure exiting GREATER sciatic foramen

INFERIOR to piriformis muscle

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20
Q

What is the superior boundary of the femoral triangle?

A

Inguinal ligament

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21
Q

What is the medial boundary of the femoral triangle?

A

Lateral border of adductor longus

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22
Q

What is the lateral boundary of the femoral triangle?

A

Medial border of sartorius

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23
Q

Which muscles make up the floor of the femoral triangle?

A

Iliopsoas (laterally)

Pectineus (medially)

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24
Q

What makes up the roof of the femoral triangle?

A

Fascia lata

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25
Q

List the 4 contents of the femoral triangle

lateral to medial

A 
Femoral:
Nerve
Artery
Vein
Lymph nodes
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26
Q

What are the 3 muscle compartments of the thigh?

A

Anterior
Medial
Posterior

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27
Q

What are the 3 muscle compartments of the leg?

A

Anterior
Lateral
Posterior

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28
Q

What are the 2 functions of the muscles of the anterior aspect of the thigh?

A

Flexors of thigh

Extensors of leg

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29
Q

Which 3 muscles of the thigh flex the thigh?

A

Pectineus
iliopsoas
Sartorius

30
Q

Which (4) muscles of the thigh extend the leg?

A

Quadriceps femoris

  • Rectus femoralis
  • Vastus lateralis
  • Vastus intermedius
  • Vastus medialis
31
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A 
Femoral nerve (L2, L3,L4)
but psoas major - L1, L2, L3
32
Q

What is the function of muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Adductors of the thigh

33
Q

Name the 5 adductors of the thigh

A 
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Obturator externus
34
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)
but
Tibial nerve - hamstring section of adductor magnus

35
Q

Name the 3 muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh

A

Semitendinosus (superficial)
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris (lateral)

36
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles of the posterior thigh?

A 
Tibial nerve (L5, S1, S2)
but
Common fibular nerve innervates short head of biceps femoris
37
Q

What are the ball and socket components of the hip joint?

A

Ball: head of femur
Socket: acetabulum of pelvic bone

38
Q

What increases the depth of the acetabulum?

A

Acetabular labrum - by about 10%

39
Q

Name the 3 ligaments forming the hip joint capsule

A

iliofemoral (anteriorly, strongest)
Pubofemoral (anteriorly)
Ischiofemoral (posterior, weaker)

40
Q

Which ligament runs from the acetabulum to the head of femur?

A

Ligamentum teres

Contains small/irrelevant artery to the head of femur

41
Q

Where does the small artery to the head of femur arise?

A

Obturator artery

42
Q

What are the most relevant arteries supplying blood to the head of femur?

A

Medial and lateral circumflex arteries

  • aka retinacular arteries
  • branches of profunda femoris
43
Q

How many articulations are present in the knee?

A

3

  • 2 femerotibial
  • 1 femeropatellar
44
Q

What is the main movement of the knee?

A

Flexion-extension

- hinge joint

45
Q

How is the knee joint strengthened?

A

Presence of ligaments

46
Q

Name 3 of the extracapsular ligaments of the knee

A

Lateral collateral
Medial collateral
Patellar ligament

47
Q

Name 2 intra-articular ligaments of the knee

A

Anterior Cruciate Ligament

Posterior Cruciate Ligament

48
Q

Give 3 features of menisci in the knee joint

A

Fibrocartilaginous
Have medial and lateral parts
- lateral more prone to injury

49
Q

What is the other name of the calcaneal tendon?

A

Achilles tendon

50
Q

Which 2 tendons join to form the achilles tendon?

A

Gastrocnemius + Soleus tendons

51
Q

What should happen to the foot when the achilles tendon is struck during an ankle jerk reflex test?

A

Plantarflexion

52
Q

Which ligament of the knee resists valgus forces?

A

Median collateral ligament

53
Q

Which ligament of the knee resists varus forces?

A

Lateral collateral ligament

54
Q

Which ligament in the knee prevents anterior translation of the tibia?

A

ACL

- also prevents internal rotation

55
Q

State 4 functions of the meniscus of the knee

A

Shock absorbers
Increases femero-tibial conformity
Stabilises joint when moving
Lubrication

56
Q

List 4 factors that contribute to patellar instability

A

Genu valgum
Femoral head anteversion
Weak quadriceps
Ligamentous laxity

57
Q

Name the 4 muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Peroneus tertius

58
Q

Which nerve innervates muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Deep fibular nerve

59
Q

Name the 2 muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg

A

Fibularis longus

Fibularis brevis

60
Q

Which nerve innervates muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Superficial fibular nerve

61
Q

Name the 7 muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg.

A 
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
Tibialis posterior
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Popliteus
62
Q

Which 3 muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg are more superficial?

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris

63
Q

Which nerve innervates muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibial nerve

64
Q

Name the 2 ligaments of the ankle

A 
Deltoid ligament (medially)
Lateral ligament complex
65
Q

Which 2 bones comprise the hindfoot?

A

Talus

Calcaneus

66
Q

Which 5 bones comprise the midfoot?

A

Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneiforms
- medial, intermediate and lateral

67
Q

Which bones make up the forefoot?

A

Metatarsals

Phalanges

68
Q

Name the 5 different of between the bones of the foot

A 
Talocalcaneal/subtalar joint
Midtarsal joints
- calcaneocuboid
- talocalcaneonavicular
Tarsometatarsal
Metatarsophalangeal (MTPs)
Interphalangeal
69
Q

Name the 3 arches of the foot

A

Medial longitudinal arch
Lateral longitudinal arch
Transverse arch

70
Q

Which 3 muscular structures support the medial longitudinal arch?

A

Flexor hallucis longus
Tibialis anterior
Fibularis longus

Musculoskeletal (19 decks)

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