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MD 1 Physiology (MCQ) > Physiology 4: Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Physiology 4: Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a transmembrane potential?

A

Unequal charges across the membrane

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2
Q

What is the range of the resting potential?

A

-10 mV to -100 mV (depending on cell type)

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3
Q

Which ion is responsible for “turning the cell off”? And by which mechanism does it keep this cell negative?

A

Cell is turned off/negative by K+ moving out of the cell. Specifically via the Na+/K+ pump, which pumps 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in.

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4
Q

How is the cell turned on?

A

Na+ enters the cell and makes the charge positive (depolarization)

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5
Q

Which ion is responsible for turning on a cardiac pacemaker cell?

A

Ca+2

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6
Q

List the ions associated with the 4 classes of anti-arrhythmic drugs

A
  • Class I: Na+
  • Class II: beta
  • Class III: K+
  • Class IV: Ca+2
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7
Q

What is the function of class III anti-arrhythmic drugs?

A

Class III anti-arrhythmic drugs target K+ and blocks phase 3 (when K+ normally leaves the cell) of the action potential

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8
Q

What is the function of class IV anti-arrhythmic drugs?

A

Class IV anti-arrhythmic drugs target Ca+2 and slows down the heartrate by delaying the firing of pacemaker action potentials

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9
Q

What is the function of class II anti-arrhythmic drugs?

A

Class II anti-arrhythmic drugs target beta receptors, which decreases the contractility of the heart

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10
Q

What is the function of class I anti-arrhythmic drugs?

A

Class I anti-arrhythmic drugs target Na+, which delays the depolarization and slows down firing of action potentials to cardiac myocytes

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11
Q

What happens in phase 1 of cardiac myocyte action potentials?

A

Rapid depolarization. Caused by Na+ entry.

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12
Q

What happens in phase 2 of cardiac myocyte action potentials?

A

The plateau. Caused by Ca+2 entry.

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13
Q

What happens in phase 3 of cardiac myocyte action potentials?

A

Repolarization. Caused by K+ loss.

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14
Q

Which ion is responsible for the resting potential and repolarization?

A

Resting potential: K+ in

repolarization: K+ out

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15
Q

Which ion is responible for depolarization?

A

Na+ in

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16
Q

What is the shape of a typical nerve action potential?

A
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17
Q

What is the shape fo the action potential you seen in the SA or AV node?

A
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18
Q

What is the shape of the aciton potential you see in cardiac muscle cells?

A
19
Q

What is a neuroglia (glial cell)?

A

Cells that support and protect neurons

20
Q

What is the difference between a depolarizing agent and a nondepolarizing agent?

A

Depolarizing agent: overstimulates ACh receptor, which causes the receptor to become fatigued and no longer contract

Nondepolarizing agent: blocks the ACh receptors so it is unable to deploarize

21
Q

The PNS has which 3 types of cells? (Think O-AME has GaSS, call the COPS)

A
  1. Ganglia
  2. Satellite cells
  3. Schwann cells
22
Q

The CNS has which 3 types of cells? (Think O-AME has GaSS, call the COPS)

A
  1. Oligodendrocytes
  2. Astrocytes
  3. Microglia
  4. Ependymal cells
23
Q

Function of ependymal cells:

A
  • Form epithelium (ependyma)
  • Line central canal of spinal cord & ventricles in brain
    • secrete/monitor/circulate CSF
    • contain stem cells for repair
24
Q

Function of astrocytes:

A
  • Maintain blood brain barrier
  • Repair damaged neural tissues
25
Q

Function of oligodendrocytes:

A
  • Myelination, which speed up action potentials
26
Q

Difference between white matter and gray matter

A
  • White matter: myelination
  • Gray matter: unmyelination
27
Q

Function of microglia

A

Clean up cellular debris, waste prodcuts, pathogens

28
Q

What is ganglia?

A

Masses of neuron cell bodies

29
Q

Function of satellite cells

A

Surround ganglia and regulate environment around neuron

30
Q

Function of Schwann cells

A

Form myelin sheaths - **many Schwann cells sheath one axon **

31
Q

Difference between graded potential and action potential

A

Graded potential: temporary localized changes in resting potential that varies in magnitude

  • caused by stimulus
  • decreases over time

Action potential: all or none electrical impulse produced by graded potential

  • must reach threshold to overcome
  • signal does not decrease
32
Q

What happens during an absolute refractory period vs a relative refractory period

A

Absolute refractory period: Na+ channels open or close -> no action potential possible

Relative refractory period: membrane potential is almost normal -> very large stimulus can initiate action potential

33
Q

What are the 2 methods of action potential propagation?

A
  1. Continuous propagation - in unmyelinated axons
  2. Saltatory propagation - in myelinated axons
34
Q

Difference between excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and inhibitory postsynaptic potention (IPSP)

A
  • Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP): graded depolarization
  • Inhibitory postsynaptic potention (IPSP): graded hyperpolarization
35
Q

How are neurons inhibited through IPSP?

A

The neuron that receives many IPSPs is inhibited because the stimulation needed to reach threshold is increased

36
Q

2 types of summation:

A
  1. Temporal
  2. Spatial
37
Q

What affects the speed of action potential propagation?

A

V = MD

V = velocity

M = myelination

D = diameter

38
Q

What are the properties of norepinephrine (NE):

A
  • Excitatory (depolarizing) effect
  • In brain & autonomic nervous system
39
Q

What are the properties of dopamine?

A
  • Excitatory or inhibitory
  • CNS
  • Involved in Parkinson’s & cocaine use
40
Q

What does serotonin do and where is it found (CNS vs PNS)?

A
  • affects attention/emotional states
  • CNS
41
Q

What are the properties of Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)?

A
  • Inhibitory
  • CNS
  • Functions not well understood
42
Q

What are cholinergic synapses?

A
  • synapse that releases ACh
  • all neuron-to-neuron synapses in PNS
  • many in CNS as well
  • all neuromuscular/neuroglandular junctions in PNS
43
Q

Difference between Type A fibers vs Type C fibers

A

Type A fibers:

  • myelinated ( -> fast speed)
  • large diameter ( -> fast speed)
  • carries rapid info to/from CNS

Type C fibers:

  • unmyelinated ( -> slow speed)
  • small diameter ( -> slow speed)
  • involuntary muscle, gland control

MD 1 Physiology (MCQ) (5 decks)

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