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MD 1 Physiology (MCQ) > Physiology 2 - Pulmonary Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology 2 - Pulmonary Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two Divisions of the ANS?

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Parasympathetic nervous system
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2
Q

What is the Sympathetic Division?

A
  • only kicks in during exertion, stress, or emergency
  • “fight or flight”
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3
Q

What are some characteristics of the Sympathetic Chain Ganglia?

A
  • Preganglionic neurons: limited to spinal cord segments T1-L2
  • white rami (myelinated preganglionic fibers)
  • innervate neurons in cervical, inferior, lumbarm and sacral sympathetic chain ganglia
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4
Q

What does SAN BEAN mean?

A

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine that bind to nicotinic receptors

Postganglionic: beta receptors bind epinephrine and alpha receptors bind norepinephrine

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5
Q

What is the Parasympathetic Division?

A
  • Control during resting conditions
  • “rest and digest”
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6
Q

What does PAN AM mean?

A

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine which bind nicotinic receptors

Postganglionic: acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptor

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7
Q

What do Alpha-1 receptors do and where are they found?

A

Excitatory

Innervate blood vessels

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8
Q

What do Alpha-2 Receptors do and where are they found?

A

RAD (relax and dilate)

innervate blood vessels

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9
Q

What do Beta-1 Receptors do and where are they found?

A

Excitatory

innervate heart

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10
Q

What do Beta-2 Receptors do and where are they found?

A

RAD (relax and dilate)

Innervate lungs

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11
Q

What do Beta-3 Receptors do and where are they found?

A

Excitatory

Innervate fat cells

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12
Q

What is the Primary muscle of respiration?

A

Diaphragm

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13
Q

What are the Muscles used in Forced Inspiration?

A
  • External intercostals
  • Scalenes
  • Sternomastocleioid
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14
Q

What are the Muscles Used in Forced Expiration?

A
  • TIRE
    • Transverse Abdominus
    • Internal Obliques
    • Rectus Abdominus
    • External Obliques
  • Inner Intercostals
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15
Q

What is the difference between capacity and volume?

A

Capacity = sum of two or more volumes

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16
Q

What is Resting Tidal Volume?

A

the amount of air inspired during normal, relaxed breathing

17
Q

What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?

A

the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume

18
Q

What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?

A

the additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume

19
Q

What is Residual Volume (RV)?

A

the volume of air still remaining in the lungs after the expiratory reserve volume is exhaled

20
Q

What is Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?

A
  • the maximum amount of air that can fill the lungs
  • TV+IRV+ERV+RV
21
Q

What is Vital Capacity (VC)?

A
  • the total amount of air that can be expired after fully inhaling
  • TV+IRV+ERV
22
Q

What is Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?

A
  • the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration
  • RV+ERV
23
Q

What is Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)?

A

the total amount of air expired after a full inspiration

24
Q

What is the Effect of Obstructive Lung Disease on Vital Capacity?

A

Normal or slighly decreased

25
Q

What is the Effect of Restrictive Lung Disease on Vital Capacity?

A

Decreased

26
Q

What is Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1)?

A

the volume of air expired in the first second during maximal expiratory effort

27
Q

What is the Effect of Obstructive Lung Disease on FEV1?

A

reduced due to increased airway resistance

28
Q

What is the Effect of Restrictive Lung Disease on FEV1?

A

decreased due to low vital capacity

29
Q

What is FEV1/FVC? What is the normal value?

A
  • the percentage of vital capacity expired in the first second of maximal expiration
  • Usually around 0.8
30
Q

What is the Effect of Obstructive Lung Disease on FEV1/FVC? What are some examples and characteristics of obstructive lung disease?

A
  • FEV1/FVC is less than 0.8
  • ACE (asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema)
  • Large lung volume, trouble breathing out
31
Q

What is the efffect of Restrictive Lung Disease on FEV1/FVC? What is restrictive lung disease caused by and what are some of its characteristics?

A
  • FEV1/FVC is greater than 0.8
  • Due to HRPS (heat, redness, pain, and swelling)
  • Inflammatory, scar tissue formation, airways cannot be opened
32
Q

What is the Law of LaPlace?

A

VA (alveolar ventilation) = (VT-Vd) x F

VT = tidal volume

Vd = dead space

F = breaths per minute

MD 1 Physiology (MCQ) (5 decks)

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