Physiology 2 - Pulmonary Physiology

Question 1

What are the two Divisions of the ANS?

Answer 1

• Sympathetic nervous system
• Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 2

What is the Sympathetic Division?

Answer 2

• only kicks in during exertion, stress, or emergency
• “fight or flight”

Question 3

What are some characteristics of the Sympathetic Chain Ganglia?

Answer 3

• Preganglionic neurons: limited to spinal cord segments T1-L2
• white rami (myelinated preganglionic fibers)
• innervate neurons in cervical, inferior, lumbarm and sacral sympathetic chain ganglia

Question 4

What does SAN BEAN mean?

Answer 4

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine that bind to nicotinic receptors

Postganglionic: beta receptors bind epinephrine and alpha receptors bind norepinephrine

Question 5

What is the Parasympathetic Division?

Answer 5

• Control during resting conditions
• “rest and digest”

Question 6

What does PAN AM mean?

Answer 6

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine which bind nicotinic receptors

Postganglionic: acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptor

Question 7

What do Alpha-1 receptors do and where are they found?

Answer 7

Excitatory

Innervate blood vessels

Question 8

What do Alpha-2 Receptors do and where are they found?

Answer 8

RAD (relax and dilate)

innervate blood vessels

Question 9

What do Beta-1 Receptors do and where are they found?

Answer 9

Excitatory

innervate heart

Question 10

What do Beta-2 Receptors do and where are they found?

Answer 10

RAD (relax and dilate)

Innervate lungs

Question 11

What do Beta-3 Receptors do and where are they found?

Answer 11

Excitatory

Innervate fat cells

Question 12

What is the Primary muscle of respiration?

Answer 12

Diaphragm

Question 13

What are the Muscles used in Forced Inspiration?

Answer 13

• External intercostals
• Scalenes
• Sternomastocleioid

Question 14

What are the Muscles Used in Forced Expiration?

Answer 14

• TIRE
  
  • Transverse Abdominus
  • Internal Obliques
  • Rectus Abdominus
  • External Obliques
• Inner Intercostals

Question 15

What is the difference between capacity and volume?

Answer 15

Capacity = sum of two or more volumes

Question 16

What is Resting Tidal Volume?

Answer 16

the amount of air inspired during normal, relaxed breathing

Question 17

What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?

Answer 17

the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume

Question 18

What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?

Answer 18

the additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume

Question 19

What is Residual Volume (RV)?

Answer 19

the volume of air still remaining in the lungs after the expiratory reserve volume is exhaled

Question 20

What is Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?

Answer 20

• the maximum amount of air that can fill the lungs
• TV+IRV+ERV+RV

Question 21

What is Vital Capacity (VC)?

Answer 21

• the total amount of air that can be expired after fully inhaling
• TV+IRV+ERV

Question 22

What is Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?

Answer 22

• the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration
• RV+ERV

Question 23

What is Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)?

Answer 23

the total amount of air expired after a full inspiration

Question 24

What is the Effect of Obstructive Lung Disease on Vital Capacity?

Answer 24

Normal or slighly decreased

Question 25

What is the Effect of Restrictive Lung Disease on Vital Capacity?

Answer 25

Decreased

Question 26

What is Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1)?

Answer 26

the volume of air expired in the first second during maximal expiratory effort

Question 27

What is the Effect of Obstructive Lung Disease on FEV1?

Answer 27

reduced due to increased airway resistance

Question 28

What is the Effect of Restrictive Lung Disease on FEV1?

Answer 28

decreased due to low vital capacity

Question 29

What is FEV1/FVC? What is the normal value?

Answer 29

* the percentage of vital capacity expired in the first second of maximal expiration * Usually around 0.8

Question 30

What is the Effect of Obstructive Lung Disease on FEV1/FVC? What are some examples and characteristics of obstructive lung disease?

Answer 30

* FEV1/FVC is less than 0.8 * ACE (asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema) * Large lung volume, trouble breathing out

Question 31

What is the efffect of Restrictive Lung Disease on FEV1/FVC? What is restrictive lung disease caused by and what are some of its characteristics?

Answer 31

* FEV1/FVC is greater than 0.8 * Due to HRPS (heat, redness, pain, and swelling) * Inflammatory, scar tissue formation, airways cannot be opened

Question 32

What is the Law of LaPlace?

Answer 32

VA (alveolar ventilation) = (VT-Vd) x F VT = tidal volume Vd = dead space F = breaths per minute