Physiology 2 - Pulmonary Physiology Flashcards
What are the two Divisions of the ANS?
- Sympathetic nervous system
- Parasympathetic nervous system
What is the Sympathetic Division?
- only kicks in during exertion, stress, or emergency
- “fight or flight”
What are some characteristics of the Sympathetic Chain Ganglia?
- Preganglionic neurons: limited to spinal cord segments T1-L2
- white rami (myelinated preganglionic fibers)
- innervate neurons in cervical, inferior, lumbarm and sacral sympathetic chain ganglia
What does SAN BEAN mean?
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine that bind to nicotinic receptors
Postganglionic: beta receptors bind epinephrine and alpha receptors bind norepinephrine
What is the Parasympathetic Division?
- Control during resting conditions
- “rest and digest”
What does PAN AM mean?
Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine which bind nicotinic receptors
Postganglionic: acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptor
What do Alpha-1 receptors do and where are they found?
Excitatory
Innervate blood vessels
What do Alpha-2 Receptors do and where are they found?
RAD (relax and dilate)
innervate blood vessels
What do Beta-1 Receptors do and where are they found?
Excitatory
innervate heart
What do Beta-2 Receptors do and where are they found?
RAD (relax and dilate)
Innervate lungs
What do Beta-3 Receptors do and where are they found?
Excitatory
Innervate fat cells
What is the Primary muscle of respiration?
Diaphragm
What are the Muscles used in Forced Inspiration?
- External intercostals
- Scalenes
- Sternomastocleioid
What are the Muscles Used in Forced Expiration?
- TIRE
- Transverse Abdominus
- Internal Obliques
- Rectus Abdominus
- External Obliques
- Inner Intercostals
What is the difference between capacity and volume?
Capacity = sum of two or more volumes
What is Resting Tidal Volume?
the amount of air inspired during normal, relaxed breathing
What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?
the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume
What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?
the additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume
What is Residual Volume (RV)?
the volume of air still remaining in the lungs after the expiratory reserve volume is exhaled
What is Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?
- the maximum amount of air that can fill the lungs
- TV+IRV+ERV+RV
What is Vital Capacity (VC)?
- the total amount of air that can be expired after fully inhaling
- TV+IRV+ERV
What is Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?
- the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration
- RV+ERV
What is Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)?
the total amount of air expired after a full inspiration
What is the Effect of Obstructive Lung Disease on Vital Capacity?
Normal or slighly decreased
What is the Effect of Restrictive Lung Disease on Vital Capacity?
Decreased
What is Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1)?
the volume of air expired in the first second during maximal expiratory effort
What is the Effect of Obstructive Lung Disease on FEV1?
reduced due to increased airway resistance
What is the Effect of Restrictive Lung Disease on FEV1?
decreased due to low vital capacity
What is FEV1/FVC? What is the normal value?
- the percentage of vital capacity expired in the first second of maximal expiration
- Usually around 0.8
What is the Effect of Obstructive Lung Disease on FEV1/FVC? What are some examples and characteristics of obstructive lung disease?
- FEV1/FVC is less than 0.8
- ACE (asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema)
- Large lung volume, trouble breathing out
What is the efffect of Restrictive Lung Disease on FEV1/FVC? What is restrictive lung disease caused by and what are some of its characteristics?
- FEV1/FVC is greater than 0.8
- Due to HRPS (heat, redness, pain, and swelling)
- Inflammatory, scar tissue formation, airways cannot be opened
What is the Law of LaPlace?
VA (alveolar ventilation) = (VT-Vd) x F
VT = tidal volume
Vd = dead space
F = breaths per minute
