Physiology

Question 1

What is menarche?

Answer 1

the first menstrual cycle

Question 2

What is the average age of menarche?

Answer 2

12.5yo

Question 3

What are factors for menarche?

Answer 3

genetic factors

BMI

Question 4

What is breast development sensitive to?

Answer 4

low levels of estrogens

Question 5

What is the interval between the start of breast development and menarche?

Answer 5

~2yrs

Question 6

What is menopause?

Answer 6

menstrual cycle stops

Question 7

When does menopause start?

Answer 7

45-55yo

Question 8

What happens during the first 5-6yrs and the last 10yrs before menopause?

Answer 8

greater variation of days - irregular

Question 9

How can the menstrual cycle be classified as?

Answer 9

ovarian cycle - changes in the ovaries

uterine cycle - changes occurring in the uterus

Question 10

What phases are in the ovarian cycle?

Answer 10

follicular phase
ovulation
luteal phase

Question 11

What phases are in the uterine cycle?

Answer 11

menstruation
proliferative phase
secretory phase

Question 12

What is follicular phase?

Answer 12

development of ovarian follicle

Question 13

What is ovulation?

Answer 13

release of the mature ovum

Question 14

What is the luteal phase?

Answer 14

formation of the coprus luteum

Question 15

What is the endocrine steps of LH and FSH?

Answer 15

GnRH from hypothalamus –> produces and stimulates LH and FSH in pulsatile

Question 16

Which is secreted fast and slow - LH and FSH?

Answer 16

LH - fast

FSH - slow

Question 17

What is the purpose of LH?

Answer 17

maintaining corpus luteum
makes progesterone
acts as a negative feedback when corpus lutuem dies and starts menses

Question 18

What is the purpose of FSH?

Answer 18

increases estrogen

Question 19

What is intraovarian factors?

Answer 19

the determining factors of which germ cells are going to be receptors for FSH or develops to mature follicles and oocyte

Question 20

What happens to the mature follicles/oocyte?

Answer 20

1) some die

2) one follicle develops w/in 6days of menses

Question 21

What happens 5-6days before ovulation?

Answer 21

the chosen follicle will goes under rapid expansion –> LH surge

Question 22

What is the LH surge?

Answer 22

matures the follicle and weakes the follicular wall and releases the egg
aka ovulation

Question 23

How do you get twins?

Answer 23

when 2 eggs are fertilized instead of 1

Question 24

What do the hormones from the corpus luteum do?

Answer 24

suppresses LH and FSH

Question 25

What happens to the corpus luteum?

Answer 25

atrophies --> NO progesterone is released --> uterine is NOT maintained --> menses occur

Question 26

What is special about hCG?

Answer 26

can bind to the same receptors as LH on the corpus luteum

Question 27

What happens during fertilization - hCG?

Answer 27

hCG binds to the corpus luteum --> uterine line is maintained b/c progesterone is continuously produced --> 6-10wks placenta takes over

Question 28

What hormones secreted by the ovary suppress FSH secretion?

Answer 28

inhibin ad activin | inhibin B suppress FSH

Question 29

What happens when you have low estrogen? high?

Answer 29

low: suppress LH release high: increase LH release

Question 30

What is the menstrual phase?

Answer 30

low LH levels = low progesterone levels

Question 31

How much blood does a female lose per cycle? Risk for?

Answer 31

anywhere between 10-80ml | if menorrhagia --> iron deficiency anemia

Question 32

When does the painful cramping start?

Answer 32

adolescents | younger women

Question 33

When does the mood changes occur?

Answer 33

during the ovarian luteal phase

Question 34

What is the difference between PMS and PMDD?

Answer 34

PMS: bothersome PMDD: severe and hinders daily life activities

Question 35

What is happening in the proliferative phase?

Answer 35

estrogen rises d/t maturing ovarian follicle

Question 36

What is the secretary phase?

Answer 36

progesterone induces secretory activity of the endometrium --> inhibits uterine contraction --> uterine lining is receptive for fertilization

Question 37

What is the secretary phase in conjunction with?

Answer 37

ovarian luteal phase

Question 38

What hormones does the ovary produce?

Answer 38

estrogen progesterone ovarian peptides inhibin activin

Question 39

How does progesterone administration help w/ amonohrrea?

Answer 39

slows GnRH pulses --> improving FSH secretion and follicular maturation

Question 40

What can tx hirtuism?

Answer 40

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