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First Aid Endocrine > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Organification

A

Occurs in the follicular lumen

Iodine + Thyroglobulin

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2
Q

Cleavage products of Proinsulin

A

C-peptide and Insulin

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3
Q

Anabolic effects on insulin

A

↑glucose in skeletal and adipose, ↑glycogen syn and storage, ↑TG synthesis, ↑Na retention (kidney), ↑protein syn, ↑K &amino acid uptake

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4
Q

Insulin-dependent glucose transporter

A

GLUT4 for skeletal tissue and adipose tissue

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5
Q

GLUT1

A

RBC, Brain, cornea

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6
Q

GLUT2

A

bidirectional: beta islet cells, liver, kidney, small intestine

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7
Q

GLUT5

A

fructose; spermatocytes and GI tract

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8
Q

beta-2 agonist

A

↑ insulin

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9
Q

Glucose enters Beta-cells

A

↑ ATP, closes K-channels, depolarizes membrane, open VGC-Ca gates, insulin is exocytosed

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10
Q

Secreted in response to hypoglycemia

A

Glucagon

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11
Q

Catabolic effects of Glucagon

A

increase glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and ketone production

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12
Q

Function of CRH

A

↑ACTH, MSH, beta-endorphin

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13
Q

Dopamine

A

tonically inhibits prolactin

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14
Q

Tonic GnRH

A

suppresses HPA axis

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15
Q

Pulsatile GnRH

A

puberty and fertility

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16
Q

Somatostatin analogs

A

tx acromegaly by decreasing GH

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17
Q

TRH

A

↑TSH and Prolactin

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18
Q

Milk Production

A

Prolactin

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19
Q

inhibits ovulation in females and spermatogenesis in males by inhibiting GnRH synthesis and release

A

Prolactin

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20
Q

Increases Dopamine Synthesis

A

Prolactin

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21
Q

Bromocriptine

A

Dopamine agonist, inhibits prolactin, used to tx prolactinoma

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22
Q

Stimulates linear growth and muscle mass trhrough IGF-1/somatomedin secretion

A

Growth Hormone (somatotropin)

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23
Q

increases insulin resistance

A

Growth Hormone (somatotropin)

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24
Q

Secretion ↑ during exercise and sleep

A

Growth Hormone

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25
Secretion inhibited by glucose and somatostatin
Growth Hormone, and glucagon
26
Acromegaly
↑GH in adults
27
Gigantism
↑GH in children
28
Supraoptic Nuclei
In hypothalamus, makes ADH
29
V2-receptors
ADH receptors in kidneys
30
V1-receptors
ADH receptors in blood vessels
31
ADH fx
decrease serum osmolarity via increasing aquaporin transcription in principal cells
32
ADH levels in Central Diabetes insipidus
decrease ADH
33
ADH levels in Nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus
increased ADH
34
ADH levels in polydipsia
increased ADH
35
Tx for Central Diabetes Insipidus
Desmopressin
36
Inhibits Cholesterol desmolase
Ketoconazole
37
Activates Cholesterol Desmolase
ACTH
38
Enzyme making pregnenolone to 17-hydroxypregnenolone
17alpha-hydroxylase
39
Enzyme making Progesterone to 17-hydroxyprogesterone
17alpha-hydroxylase
40
Enzyme making progesterone into 11-deoxycorticosterone
21-hydroxylase
41
enzyme that makes dihydrotestosterone
5alpha-reductase
42
Increased mineralocorticoids, decreased cortisol and sex hormones, Hypertension, Hypokalemia, decreased DHT
17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency
43
pseudo-hermaphroditism (ambiguous genitalia, undescended testes)
XY, 17alpha-hydroylase deficiency
44
Lack Secondary sexual development
XX, 17alpha-hydroylase deficiency
45
Salt Wasting in Infants
21-hydroxylase deficiency
46
Precocious puberty in childhood
21-hydroxylase deficiency
47
Hypotension, Hyperkalemia, increased renin, virilization in women
21-hydroxylase deficiency
48
Decreases aldosterone, increased 11-deoxycorticosterone, HTN, low renin
11beta-hydroxylase deficiency
49
Upregulates alpha-1 receptors on arterioles increasing sensitivity to NE and epinephrine
Cortisol
50
Increases gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and proteolysis
Cortisol
51
decreases fibroblasts causing striae
Cortisol
52
Chronic stress induces prolonged secretion
Cortisol
53
Come from chief cells from parathyroid
PTH
54
Stimulates 1alpha-hydroxylase
PTH
55
Increases production of macrophage colony-stimulating factor and RANK-L to increase osteoclast stimulation and increase calcium
PTH
56
Decreases reabsorption of Phosphate in prox convoluted tubule and increase calcium absorption in distal convoluted tubule
PTH
57
PTH-related peptide
functions like PTH and is commonly increased in malignancies, (paraneoplastic syndrome)
58
low serum calcium
causes PTH secretion
59
low serum Mg
cause PTH secretion
60
Causes of decreased Magnesium
diarrhea, aminoglycosides, diuretics, and alcohol abuse
61
Plasma Calcium
45% ionized 40% bound to albumin (increases with increased pH) 15% bound to anions
62
Cramps, pain, paresthesia, carpopedal spasm
Hypocalcemia (can be due to increased pH so more Ca is albumin bound)
63
Fx of Vit D (cholecalciferol)
increase absorption on phosphate and calcium
64
Secreted from Parafollicular cells (C cells) of thyroid
Calcitonin
65
Decreases Serum Calcium
Calcitonin
66
Endocrine Hormones using cAMP
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH (V2), MSH, PTH, calcitonin, CHRH, glucagon FLATChAMP
67
Endocrine Hormones using cGMP
ANP, NO (EDRF) - think vasodilators
68
Endocrine Hormones using IP3
GnRH, Oxytocin, ADH (V1), TRH, Histamine, AngII, Gastrin | GOAT HAG
69
Endocrine hormones using Steroid receptor
Vitamin D, Estrogen, Testosterone, T3/T4, Cortisol, Aldosterone, Progesterone
70
Endocrine Hormones using Intrinsic Tyrosine Kinase
Insulin, IGF-1, FGF, PDGF, EGF MAP Kinase (think growth factors)
71
Endocrine Hormones using receptor-associated tyrosine kinase
Prolactin, Immunomodulators (IL2, 6, 8, IFN) and GH | JAK/STAT pathway
72
Increase in sex-hormone binding globulin in men
Lowers free testosterone causing gynecomastia
73
Decrease in sex-hormone binding globulin in women
raises free testosterone causing hirsutism
74
Functions of T3
Brain maturation, Bone growth, beta-adrenergic effects, increase BMR (4Bs) glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis
75
Wolff-Chairkoff Effect
Excess iodine temporarily inhibits thyroid peroxidase thus decreasing iodine organification
76
5'-deiodinase
T4 into T3 in peripheral tissue
77
Peroxidase
used in oxidation, organification of iodide as well as coupling MIT and DIT
78
Propylthiouracil
inhibits both peroxidase and 5'deiodinase
79
Methimazole
inhibits peroxidase only
80
Do 25
JUMPING JACKS

First Aid Endocrine (4 decks)

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