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First Aid Endocrine > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Organification

A

Occurs in the follicular lumen

Iodine + Thyroglobulin

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2
Q

Cleavage products of Proinsulin

A

C-peptide and Insulin

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3
Q

Anabolic effects on insulin

A

↑glucose in skeletal and adipose, ↑glycogen syn and storage, ↑TG synthesis, ↑Na retention (kidney), ↑protein syn, ↑K &amino acid uptake

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4
Q

Insulin-dependent glucose transporter

A

GLUT4 for skeletal tissue and adipose tissue

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5
Q

GLUT1

A

RBC, Brain, cornea

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6
Q

GLUT2

A

bidirectional: beta islet cells, liver, kidney, small intestine

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7
Q

GLUT5

A

fructose; spermatocytes and GI tract

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8
Q

beta-2 agonist

A

↑ insulin

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9
Q

Glucose enters Beta-cells

A

↑ ATP, closes K-channels, depolarizes membrane, open VGC-Ca gates, insulin is exocytosed

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10
Q

Secreted in response to hypoglycemia

A

Glucagon

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11
Q

Catabolic effects of Glucagon

A

increase glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and ketone production

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12
Q

Function of CRH

A

↑ACTH, MSH, beta-endorphin

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13
Q

Dopamine

A

tonically inhibits prolactin

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14
Q

Tonic GnRH

A

suppresses HPA axis

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15
Q

Pulsatile GnRH

A

puberty and fertility

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16
Q

Somatostatin analogs

A

tx acromegaly by decreasing GH

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17
Q

TRH

A

↑TSH and Prolactin

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18
Q

Milk Production

A

Prolactin

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19
Q

inhibits ovulation in females and spermatogenesis in males by inhibiting GnRH synthesis and release

A

Prolactin

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20
Q

Increases Dopamine Synthesis

A

Prolactin

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21
Q

Bromocriptine

A

Dopamine agonist, inhibits prolactin, used to tx prolactinoma

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22
Q

Stimulates linear growth and muscle mass trhrough IGF-1/somatomedin secretion

A

Growth Hormone (somatotropin)

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23
Q

increases insulin resistance

A

Growth Hormone (somatotropin)

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24
Q

Secretion ↑ during exercise and sleep

A

Growth Hormone

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25
Q

Secretion inhibited by glucose and somatostatin

A

Growth Hormone, and glucagon

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26
Q

Acromegaly

A

↑GH in adults

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27
Q

Gigantism

A

↑GH in children

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28
Q

Supraoptic Nuclei

A

In hypothalamus, makes ADH

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29
Q

V2-receptors

A

ADH receptors in kidneys

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30
Q

V1-receptors

A

ADH receptors in blood vessels

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31
Q

ADH fx

A

decrease serum osmolarity via increasing aquaporin transcription in principal cells

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32
Q

ADH levels in Central Diabetes insipidus

A

decrease ADH

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33
Q

ADH levels in Nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus

A

increased ADH

34
Q

ADH levels in polydipsia

A

increased ADH

35
Q

Tx for Central Diabetes Insipidus

A

Desmopressin

36
Q

Inhibits Cholesterol desmolase

A

Ketoconazole

37
Q

Activates Cholesterol Desmolase

38
Q

Enzyme making pregnenolone to 17-hydroxypregnenolone

A

17alpha-hydroxylase

39
Q

Enzyme making Progesterone to 17-hydroxyprogesterone

A

17alpha-hydroxylase

40
Q

Enzyme making progesterone into 11-deoxycorticosterone

A

21-hydroxylase

41
Q

enzyme that makes dihydrotestosterone

A

5alpha-reductase

42
Q

Increased mineralocorticoids, decreased cortisol and sex hormones, Hypertension, Hypokalemia, decreased DHT

A

17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency

43
Q

pseudo-hermaphroditism (ambiguous genitalia, undescended testes)

A

XY, 17alpha-hydroylase deficiency

44
Q

Lack Secondary sexual development

A

XX, 17alpha-hydroylase deficiency

45
Q

Salt Wasting in Infants

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

46
Q

Precocious puberty in childhood

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

47
Q

Hypotension, Hyperkalemia, increased renin, virilization in women

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

48
Q

Decreases aldosterone, increased 11-deoxycorticosterone, HTN, low renin

A

11beta-hydroxylase deficiency

49
Q

Upregulates alpha-1 receptors on arterioles increasing sensitivity to NE and epinephrine

50
Q

Increases gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and proteolysis

51
Q

decreases fibroblasts causing striae

52
Q

Chronic stress induces prolonged secretion

53
Q

Come from chief cells from parathyroid

54
Q

Stimulates 1alpha-hydroxylase

55
Q

Increases production of macrophage colony-stimulating factor and RANK-L to increase osteoclast stimulation and increase calcium

56
Q

Decreases reabsorption of Phosphate in prox convoluted tubule and increase calcium absorption in distal convoluted tubule

57
Q

PTH-related peptide

A

functions like PTH and is commonly increased in malignancies, (paraneoplastic syndrome)

58
Q

low serum calcium

A

causes PTH secretion

59
Q

low serum Mg

A

cause PTH secretion

60
Q

Causes of decreased Magnesium

A

diarrhea, aminoglycosides, diuretics, and alcohol abuse

61
Q

Plasma Calcium

A

45% ionized
40% bound to albumin (increases with increased pH)
15% bound to anions

62
Q

Cramps, pain, paresthesia, carpopedal spasm

A

Hypocalcemia (can be due to increased pH so more Ca is albumin bound)

63
Q

Fx of Vit D (cholecalciferol)

A

increase absorption on phosphate and calcium

64
Q

Secreted from Parafollicular cells (C cells) of thyroid

A

Calcitonin

65
Q

Decreases Serum Calcium

A

Calcitonin

66
Q

Endocrine Hormones using cAMP

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH (V2), MSH, PTH, calcitonin, CHRH, glucagon
FLATChAMP

67
Q

Endocrine Hormones using cGMP

A

ANP, NO (EDRF) - think vasodilators

68
Q

Endocrine Hormones using IP3

A

GnRH, Oxytocin, ADH (V1), TRH, Histamine, AngII, Gastrin

GOAT HAG

69
Q

Endocrine hormones using Steroid receptor

A

Vitamin D, Estrogen, Testosterone, T3/T4, Cortisol, Aldosterone, Progesterone

70
Q

Endocrine Hormones using Intrinsic Tyrosine Kinase

A

Insulin, IGF-1, FGF, PDGF, EGF
MAP Kinase
(think growth factors)

71
Q

Endocrine Hormones using receptor-associated tyrosine kinase

A

Prolactin, Immunomodulators (IL2, 6, 8, IFN) and GH

JAK/STAT pathway

72
Q

Increase in sex-hormone binding globulin in men

A

Lowers free testosterone causing gynecomastia

73
Q

Decrease in sex-hormone binding globulin in women

A

raises free testosterone causing hirsutism

74
Q

Functions of T3

A

Brain maturation, Bone growth, beta-adrenergic effects, increase BMR (4Bs)
glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis

75
Q

Wolff-Chairkoff Effect

A

Excess iodine temporarily inhibits thyroid peroxidase thus decreasing iodine organification

76
Q

5’-deiodinase

A

T4 into T3 in peripheral tissue

77
Q

Peroxidase

A

used in oxidation, organification of iodide as well as coupling MIT and DIT

78
Q

Propylthiouracil

A

inhibits both peroxidase and 5’deiodinase

79
Q

Methimazole

A

inhibits peroxidase only

80
Q

Do 25

A

JUMPING JACKS

First Aid Endocrine (4 decks)

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