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First Aid Endocrine > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Growth hormone analog used in growth hormone deficiency

A

Somatropin

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2
Q

Somatostatin analog used for acromegaly, carcinoid, glucagonoma and other growth hormone-producing pituitary tumors

A

Octreotide

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3
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog used for infertility (pulsatile administration) or suppression of gonadotropin production (continuous administration)

A

Leuprolide

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4
Q

Competitive antagonists at gonadotropin releasing hormone receptors used to prevent LH surge during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation

A

Ganirelix

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5
Q

Ergot dopamine agonist used to suppress prolactin release

A

Bromocriptine

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6
Q

Synthetic human corticotropin used for diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency

A

Cosyntropin

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7
Q

Agent used to stimulate uterine contraction and labor, milk letdowns, and control postpartum bleeding

A

Oxytocin

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8
Q

Agent of choice for the treatment of hypothyroidism

A

Levothyroxine (T4)

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9
Q

An isomer of T3 which may be used in myxedema coma

A

Liothyronine (T3)

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10
Q

Thioamide agents used in hyperthyroidism

A

Methimazole and propylthiouracil (PTU)

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11
Q

Thioamide less likely to cross placenta, inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 in high doses, and indicated for pregnant women in 1st trimester

A

Propylthiouracil (PTU)

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12
Q

Propylthiouracil (PTU) mechanism of action

A

Inhibits thyroid peroxidase

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13
Q

Can be effective for short term therapy of thyroid storm, but after several weeks of therapy causes an exacerbation of hyperthyroidism

A

Iodide salts (potassium iodide)

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14
Q

Permanently cures thyrotoxicosis, patients will need thyroid replacement therapy thereafter. Contraindicated in pregnancy

A

Radioactive iodine

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15
Q

Used for the symptomatic treatment of thyrotoxicosis by blocking cardiac adverse effects

A

Propranolol and Esmolol

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16
Q

Used for Addison’s disease, congenital adrenal hyperplasia inflammation, immune suppression, and asthma

A

Glucocorticoids

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17
Q

Two short-acting glucocorticoids

A

Hydrocortisone (cortisol), cortisone

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18
Q

Four intermediate-acting glucocorticoids

A

Prednisone, Prednisolone, Methylprednisolone and Triamcinolone

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19
Q

Two long-acting glucocorticoids

A

Betamethasone, dexamethasone

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20
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Fludrocortisone and deoxycorticosterone

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21
Q

Side effects of corticosteroids

A

Iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome, hyperglycemia, impaired wound healing, osteoporosis, peptic ulcers, myopathy, adrenal suppression (> 2 week treatment)

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22
Q

Inhibits conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone therefore inhibiting corticosteroid synthesis

A

Aminoglutethimide

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23
Q

Antifungal agent used to inhibit adrenal and gonadal steroid synthesis

A

Ketoconazole

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24
Q

Selective inhibitor of 11-hydroxylation and interferes with cortisol and corticoterone synthesis; used for adrenal function tests and is the only adrenal-inhibiting medication that can be administered to pregnant women with Cushing’s syndrome

A

Metyrapone

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25
Q

Glucoroticoid receptor antagonist that is used as an antiabortifacient due to its strong antiprogestin activity

A

Mifepristone (RU486)

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26
Q

Three rapid-acting insulin used for postprandial glycemia

A

Aspart, lispro, glulisine

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27
Q

Short-acting insulin used intravenously for ketoacidosis

A

Regular insulin

28
Q

Intermediate-acting insulin with variable pharmacokinetics; use is mostly replaced by long-acting insulin

A

Neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin

29
Q

Two long-acting insulin preparations that provide basal glycemia control

A

Glargine, detemir

30
Q

Major side effect of insulin

A

Hypoglycemia

31
Q

First generation sulfonylurea that is safest for elderly diabetics due to its short half-life

A

Tolbutamide

32
Q

First generation sulfonylurea contraindicated in elderly diabetics because of very long half-life

A

Chlorpropamide

33
Q

Three second generation sulfonylureas

A

Glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride

34
Q

Mechanism of action of sulfonylureas

A

Close K+ channels, depolarize cell, open voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, release insulin

35
Q

Common side effect of first generation sulfonylureas

A

Disulfiram-like reactions with alcohol use

36
Q

Common side effect of second generation sulfonylureas

A

Hypoglycemia

37
Q

A meglitinide insulin secretagogue that has no sulfur in its structure and may be used in type 2 diabetics with sulfonylurea allergy

A

Repaglinide

38
Q

A D-phenylalanine derivative insulin secretagogue that is useful for type 2 diabetics with very reduced renal function

A

Nateglinide

39
Q

Mechanism of action of repaglinide and nateglinide

A

Close K+ channels, depolarize cell, open voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, release insulin

40
Q

First line drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes

A

Metformin

41
Q

Mechanism of action of metformin

A

decrease gluconeogenesis, ­ increase peripheral glucose uptake; increase insulin sensitivity

42
Q

Most serious side effect of metformin

A

Lactic acidosis

43
Q

Two thiazolidinediones

A

Pioglitazone, rosiglitazone

44
Q

Mechanism of action of thiazolindinediones

A

Activate PPAR-gamma, ­ increase transcription of insulin-responsive genes, ­ increase GLUT4 glucose transporter, ­increase insulin sensitivity

45
Q

Side effect of thiazolindinediones

A

Weight gain, edema, heart failure, hepatotoxicity

46
Q

Two alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

A

Acarbose, miglitol

47
Q

Mechanism of action of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

A

Act on intestine, delay digestion and absorption of glucose

48
Q

Side effect of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

A

Flatulence , diarrhea, abdominal cramps

49
Q

Amylin analog that delays gastric emptying and suppresses glucagon release

A

Pramlintide

50
Q

Two glucagon-like polypeptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs that increase insulin secretion and suppress postprandial glucagon release

A

Exenatide, liraglutide

51
Q

Three dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors that reduce breakdown of glucagon-like polypeptide-1, resulting in increased insulin secretion and suppress postprandial glucagon release

A

Sitagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin

52
Q

Bisphosphonates

A

Alendronate and -dronates

53
Q

Mechanism of action of bisphosphonates

A

Inhibits osteoclast activity and prevent bone resorption

54
Q

Uses of bisphosphonates

A

Osteoporosis, Paget’s disease, hyperglycemia

55
Q

Major side effects of bisphosphonates

A

Corrosive esophagitis, osteonecrosis of the jaw

56
Q

First generation bisphosphonate when used long-term causes osteomalacia

A

Etidronate

57
Q

May be used intranasally to decreases bone resorption

A

Calcitonin (salmon prep)

58
Q

Vitamin given with calcium to ensure proper absorption

A

Vitamin D

59
Q

Tx for Gestational DM

A

dietary modifications, exercise, insulin replacement if lifestyles modification fails

60
Q

GLP-1 analog toxicities

A

N/V and pancreatitis

61
Q

DPP-4 inhibitors

A

mild urinary or respiratory infections

62
Q

Propylthiouracil Toxicity

A

Skin rash, agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, hepatotoxicity

63
Q

aplasia cutis

A

Methimazole toxicity

64
Q

tx Central DI

A

ADH (DDAVP)

65
Q

Demeclocycline

A

ADH antagonist used for SIADH

66
Q

Toxicity of Demeclocycline

A

Nephrogenic DI, photosensitivity, abnormalities in bone teeth

67
Q

She sells sea shells

A

at the sea shore

First Aid Endocrine (4 decks)

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