Physiology 2

Question 1

3 types of respiratory muscles

Answer 1

Major inspiration muscles
Accessory muscles of inspiration
Muscles of active expiration

Question 2

What are the ‘major inspiration muscles’?

Answer 2

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

Question 3

What are the ‘accessory inspiration muscles’?

Answer 3

Sternocleidomastoid, scalenus and pectoral muscles

Only contract during forceful inspiration

Question 4

What are the ‘muscles of active expiration’?

Answer 4

Abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles

Contract during active expiration

Question 5

Residual volume in the lungs is not measurable (true/false)

Answer 5

True - residual volume (leftover after exhale) can not be measured by spirometry, only estimated

Question 6

Tidal volume (TV)

Answer 6

Volume of air in single breath (0.5L)

Question 7

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)/expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Answer 7

Extra volume which can be inhaled/exhaled (3.0/1.0L)

Question 8

List of Lung volumes

Answer 8

Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Residual volume

Question 9

List of lung capacities

Answer 9

Inspiratory capacity
Functional residual capacity
Vital capacity
Total lung capacity

Question 10

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

Answer 10

Max volume inspired after normal expiration (3.7L)

Question 11

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

Answer 11

Volume in lungs after passive expiration (2.2L)

Question 12

Vital capacity

Answer 12

Max volume exhaled after maximal inspiration (4.5L)

Question 13

Total lung capacity

Answer 13

Total volume lungs can hold (5.7L)

Question 14

Spirometry

Answer 14

Test used to assess how well your lungs work (how much you inhale/exhale/how quickly)

Question 15

What is spirometry used to diagnose?

Answer 15

Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other breathing conditions

Question 16

Air moves from ________ to ________ pressure with a small pressure gradient

Answer 16

High to low

Question 17

What primarily determines airway resistance?

Answer 17

Radius radius of conducting airway

Question 18

In bronchioles
Parasympathetic stimulation causes _____________
Sympathetic stimulation causes _____________

Answer 18

Bronchoconstriction

Bronchodilatation

Question 19

Dynamic airway compression

Answer 19

makes active compression more difficult in patients with airway obstruction
Pressure (to push air out) is undesirable => airway becomes compressed

Question 20

Dynamic airway compression causes problems in normal people (true/false)

Answer 20

False

Dynamic airway compression is only problems for those with airway obstruction

Question 21

Peak flow meter

Answer 21

Gives estimate of peak flow rate

>useful in patients with obstructive lung disease

Question 22

Pulmonary compliance

Answer 22

Lungs stretched during inspiration

Compliance - measure of effort put into stretching of distending lungs

Question 23

decreased pulmonary compliance in lungs causes…

Answer 23

stiffer/harder to inflate lungs > more work required to produce given degree of inflation

Question 24

Factors decreasing pulmonary compliance

Answer 24

Pulmonary fibrosis 
Pulmonary oedema 
Collapsed lung 
Pneumonia 
Absence of surfactant

Question 25

Increased compliance occurs in which lung condition?

Answer 25

Emphysema - damaged alveoli

Question 26

Increased pulmonary compliance in lungs causes…

Answer 26

Hyperinflation of lungs - elastic recoil lost, harder to deflate

Question 27

Lungs normally operate at “full”

True/false

Answer 27

False

Lungs normally operate at “half full”

Question 28

Summary card

Which 4 situations increase breathing effort?

Answer 28

Decrease of pulmonary compliance
Increase of airway resistance
Decrease of elastic recoil
Requirement for ventilation increase