ANATOMY OF BREATHING Flashcards
the respiratory tract is made up of…
2
the upper respiratory tract
the lower respiratory tract
components of upper respiratory tract
4
nasal cavity
larynx
oral cavity
pharynx
components of lower respiratory tract
5
trachea lobar bronchi segmented bronchi bronchioles alveoli
what is the epiglottis?
flap of tissue - closes over trachea while eating
what happens at level C6 vertebrae?
2
the larynx becomes the trachea
the pharynx becomes the oesophagus
explain burification in relation to the trachea
division of the trachea into 2 main bronchi (right and left)
how many lobes does each lung have?
right - 3 lobes
left - 2 lobes
how many lobar bronchi and how many segmental bonchi are there?
5 lobar bronchi - 1 for each lobe
10 segmental bronchi - 1 for every bronchopulmonary segments
what are fissures?
spaces between lobes
lack of what cell in alveoli and bronchioles allows gas exchange to occur?
‘respiratory epithelium - produce mucous onto surface > presense of mucous would prevent gas exchange otherwise
function of hyaline cartilage
to provide trachea and all bronchi walls with support (not present in alevoli)
list the 5 requirements for O2 and CO2 diffusion between blood and alveoli
functioning lung tissue sufficient O2 in atmosphere no CO2 in air thin alveolar walls minimal tissue fluid in tissue surrounding capillaries
factors which prevent free movement of air in lungs
2
narrowing of respiratory tract (bronchiole constriction, mucosa swelling, growing tumour)
foreign bodies being inhaled
how is the URT kept patent (open)?
2
2 nasal cavities in skull (seperated by internal wall)
the ‘skeleton’ of the larynx (epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, 2 ariyenoid cartilages)
nasal septum is made up of…
2
bone - ethmoid (superior) and vomer (inferior)
cartilage
ossification of hyaline cartilage
hardens and becomes bone with age
narrowest part of larynx where chocking can occur
rima glottidis
how is air warmed?
warmed - respiratory mucosa have good arterial blood supply, providing warmth
how is air humidified?
humidified - mucosa produce mucous, providing moisture
how is air cleaned?
cleaned - muscous traps infected particles and tonsolar tissue produces white blood cells (defend against infection
thoracic skeleton consists of…
7
12 pairs of ribs (7 true ribs, 3 false ribs, 2 floating ribs)
intercostal spaces
costal margin
12 thoracic vertebrae
clavicle and scapula (provide protection)
sternum
layers of muscles of breathing
4
diaphragm external intercostal muscles internal intercostal muscles innermost intercostal muscles (attach between adjacent ribs)
pleura of chest wall (3)
parietal pleura (attached to thoracic cavity) visceral pleura (attached to lobes of the lungs, dips into fissures) pleural cavity (fluid filled space between to pleurae)
