Physiology Flashcards
Describe bleeding time, PT and APTT in haemophilia
- APTT Increased
- PT normal
- Bleeding time normal
Describe bleeding time, PT and APTT in von Willebrand’s Disease
- APTT increased
- PT Normal
- Bleeding time increased
Describe bleeding time PT ad APTT in Vitamin K Deficiency
Increased PT
Increased APTT
Normal bleeding time
Describe the SVR, HR, Cardiac output and BP in cardiogenic shock
SVR increased (vasoconstirction from low bp)
HR Up
CO down
BP down
Describe the SVR, HR, Cardiac output and BP in Hypovolaemic shock
SVR up
HR up
CO down
BP down
Describe the SVR in Septic shock
- SVR down: peripheral vascular dilation
What is the formula for net filtration pressure (NFP)
(hydrostatic pressure of glomerular capillaries - hydrostatic pressure of bowman’s capsule) - (oncotic pressure of glomerular capillaries - oncotic pressure of bowman’s capsule)
Which artery determines the side of dominence of the cornary artery supply
- Posterior descending artery
- If this artery arices from left coronary artery then there is left sided dominance and vice versa
Which neurotransmitter is release from preganglionic neurones?
- ACh in both sympathetic and parasympathetic
Describe the 5 phases of clinical trials
- Phase 0: 10-15 people to monitor pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics without diagnostic or therapeutic intent
- Phase 1: Testing new drug in small group of healthy humans (20-100) to assess safety
- Phase 2: Testing in larger group (100-300)of people with the condition the drug is designed to treat
- Phase 3: larger scale study to monitor side effects and confirm efficacy (1000-3000)
- Phase 4: Post- marketing studies once the drug has been approved for public use to monitor longer-term effectiveness
Describe the process of lacrimation including the 4 main structures/centres involved
PARASYMPATHETIC FIBRES originating from the GREATER PETROSAL NERVE, which branches off the facial nerve at the GENTICULATE GANGLION. These fibres join with the deep petrosal nerve to form the THE NERVE OF THE PTERYGOID CANAL (Vidian nerve) and eventually synapse in the PETRYGOPALANTINE GANGLION. Postganglionic fibres then travel to the LACRIMAL GLAND to stimulate tear production.
Which inotrope is used to treat heart failure and why?
Dobutamine: because it primarily acts on beta-1 adrenergic receptors => increases myocardial contractility
Which clotting factors are affected by vitamin K
9,10,7,2
- 1972
Which ion is responsible for repolarisation in skeletal muscle?
- Potassium K+ via voltage
Which ion is responsible for depolarisation in skeletal muscle?
- Sodium Na+
Which structure maintains voltage of nerve cell
Na+-K+ pump
Where is iron primarily absorbed?
Duodenum
Where is folic acid primarily absorbed?
Jejunum
Where is B12 primarily absorbed?
- Ileum
- Intrinsic factor from parietal cells facilitates this absorption
Best anaesthetic for haemodynamic protection
Etomidate then Ketamine
What is the formula for volume of fluids used for fluid resuscitation in children
- 20ml/kg
What centre in the brain controls the rhythm of respiration
Pre-Botzinger complec in the lower medulla
Which cells in the stomach produce mucous?
Foveolar cells
Where is renin produced
Juxtaglomerular apparatus in the walls of afferent arterioles and macula densa
Where is angiotensinogen produced?
Liver
Which cells produce somatostatin?
Delta cells
What causes skeletal musclar depolarisation
Rapid influx of sodium through voltage gated ion channels
What causes repolarisation in skeletal muscle
- Rapid efflux of potassium out through voltage gated potassium channels
Which ganglion is responsible for lacrimation response
Pterygopalatine ganglion
What nerve is most important in allowing the passage of urine during micturition?
Pelvic splanchnic
- The pelvic splanchnic nerves are derived from the parasympathetic fibres that arise from the sacral nerves (S2, S3, S4). These parasympathetic nerves stimulate the bladder muscle (detrusor muscle) to contract and also allow the internal urethral sphincter to relax. This facilitates the passage of urine. (pudenal controls external sphincter)
name 3 types of heart transplant rejection
- Acute cell-mediated rejection
- Antibodiy mediated rejection: months to years
- Cardiac allograph vasculopathy: Heart failure over years
which nerve supplies the lower lip
mental nerve
What is the half-life of free triiodothyronine (T3) in the blood?
1 day
What is the quickest method to reverse warfarin
Prothrombin complex concentrate
What is the first type of antibodiy produced during and infection
IgM
