HNN Anatomy Flashcards
Which structures pass through the Foramen Ovale?
Otic ganglion
V3 (Mandibular nerve:3rd branch of
trigeminal)
Accessory meningeal artery
Lesser petrosal nerve
Emissary veins
(MALE)
its in the sphenoid bone
Which structures passthrough the superior orbital fissure
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Recurrent meningeal artery
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Lacrimal, frontal and nasociliary branches of opthalmic nerve (V1)
Abducent nerve (VI)
Superior ophthalmic vein
Outside
L - lacrimal F - frontal T - trochlear done
Inside
N - nasociliary A - abducens nerve O - oculomotor nerve
LFT done outside No Abnormality Occurred inside
Which structures pass through the Jugular Foramen?
Anterior: inferior petrosal sinus
Intermediate: glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves.
Posterior: sigmoid sinus (becoming the internal jugular vein) and some meningeal branches from the occipital and ascending pharyngeal arteries.
Which structures pass through the Foramen magnum?
- Anterior and posterior spinal arteries
- Vertebral arteries
- Medulla Oblongata
What are the branches of the internal carotid artery
- Ophthalmic A, Posterior communicating A, choroidal artery, Anterior cerebral A, Middle cerebral A
- Only Press Carotid Arteries Momentarily
What are the branches of the external carotid jugular artery
Superior thyroid artery
Ascending Pharyngeal Artery
Lingual Artery
Facial Artery
Occipital Artery
Posterior auricular Artery
Maxillary Artery
Superficial temporal Artery
Some Attendings Like Freaking Out Poor Medical Students
Where does the common carotid artery branch into the internal and external carotid arteries
C4 - near superior border of thyroid cartilage
Which structures pass through the parotid gland
- Facial nerve
- External carotid + branches (maxillary and superficial temporal arteries)
- Retromandibular vein
Which structure transverses the upper portion of the parotid gland
Auriculotemporal nerve
Which structure arises within the parotid gland
Posterior auricular artery
Describe the superior inferior anterior and posterior borders of the parotid gland
- Superior: zygomatic arch
- Inferior: Inferior border of the mandible
- Anterior masseter muscle
- Posterior external ear and sternocleidomastoid
What are the branches of the facial nerve
- Temporal
- Zygomatic
- Buccal
- Marginal mandibular
- Cervical
To Zanzibar By Motor Car
Superior to inferior
What are the branches of the trigeminal nerve
- V1 Ophthalmic
- V2 Maxillary
- V3 Mandibular
Describe the venous sinus drainage of the brain including the .. main sinuses and their course of drainage
- Superior Sagittal sinus
- Inferior Sagittal sinus
- Straight sinus
- Transverse sinus
- Superior + interior petrosal Sinus
- Inferior saggital + great cerebral vein drain into stright sinus
=> Straight sinus + superior saggital sinus converges at the confluence of sinuses and draininto transversinus
=> transverse sinus + superior petrosal sinus drain into sigmoid sinus
=> sigmoid sinus converges with inferior petrosal sinus and forms the internal jugular vein which asses through the jugular foramen
Name as many muscles of the face as you can ;p
Describe the le Fort Fracture classification
- Le Fort I (Horizontal Fracture):
Separates the hard palate and upper dentition from the midface, involving a transverse fracture through the maxilla, above the roots of the teeth. - Le Fort II (Pyramidal Fracture):
Involves the medial midface, including the upper jaw and nose, extending through the maxilla, nasal bones, medial-anterior orbital walls, orbital floor, inferior orbital rims, and pterygoid plates. - Le Fort III (Complete Craniofacial Disjunction):
Completely detaches the midfacial skeleton from the cranial vault, often involving naso-orbito-ethmoid complex fractures.
Which muscles are innervated but the trigeminal nerve?
Muscles of mastication:
Masseter
Temporalis
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
Other muscles innervated include:
Tensor veli palatini
Mylohyoid
Anterior belly of digastric
Tensor tympani
What side are cystic hygromas usually found?
Left
WHat are the 4 main features of a branchial cyst
An oval, mobile cystic mass that develops between the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the pharynx
Develop due to failure of obliteration of the second branchial cleft in embryonic development
Usually present in early adulthood
Describe the circulation of CSF in the brain
- Lateral ventricles (via foramen of Munro)
- 3rd ventricle
- Cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius)
- 4th ventricle
- Subarachnoid space (via foramina of Magendie and Luschka)
- Reabsorbed into the venous system via arachnoid granulations into superior sagittal sinus
Describe the sensory function of the facial nerve
- carrying taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue - cutaneous sensations from the pinna and external auditory canal.
- Sensation of angle of mandible
At what level is the cricoid cartilage found?
C6
At what level is the hyoid bone found
C3
At what level is the notch of the thyroid cartilage found?
C4
Mneumonic for cavernous sinus
Mnemonic for contents of cavernous sinus:
O TOM CAT
Occulomotor nerve (III)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Carotid artery
Abducent nerve (VI)
T
OTOM=lateral wall components
CA= components within sinus
Left and right Relations of the angle of lewis (angle of manubrium)
Relations in the thorax
Anterior
Manubrium, the remains of the thymus, the aortic arch, left common carotid arteries, and the deep cardiac plexus
Lateral
In the superior mediastinum, on the right side is the pleura and right vagus; on its left side are the left recurrent nerve, the aortic arch, and the left common carotid and subclavian arteries.
Which nerves are in the posterior triangle
- Spinal accessory nerve
- Phrenic Nerve
- Brachial plexus
- Cervical plexus
Which nerves are at risk during carotid endarterectomy?
Hypoglossal, vagus and facial
Which hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?
ADH + prolactin
Name the structures of the superior orbital fissure
Live Frankly To See Absolutely No Insult
Lacrimal Nerve (V1)
Frontal nerve (V1)
Trochlear
Superior Division of Oculomotor
Abducens
Nasociliary
Inferior Division of Oculomotor nerve
+ Inferior ophthalmic vein
+superior ophthalmic vein
Name 3 nerves which can be injured during the excision of the submandibular gland
Marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve
Lingual nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
Which nerve is at risk during a posterior triangle lymph node dissection
Accessory nerve
Describe the features of superior orbital fissure syndrome
Severe force to the lateral wall of the orbit resulting in compression of neurovascular structures:
- Complete opthalmoplegia and ptosis (Cranial nerves 3, 4, 6 and nerve to levator palpebrae superioris)
- Relative afferent pupillary defect
- Dilatation of the pupil and loss of accommodation and corneal reflexes
- Altered sensation from forehead to vertex (frontal branch of trigeminal nerve)
What is the origin of the thyroid ima
Brachial artery in aorta
Occurs in 10% of population
Which 3 vessels make up littles area?
Facial, maxillary, ophthalmic
Describe the arterial supply of thyroid artery
- superior thyroid artery: first branch of external carotid
- inferior thyroid artery: from thyrocervical artery
- thyroid ima artery from aorta or brachioceogalic artery
Where is tracheostomy inserted?
Anatomy for a Tracheostomy
A tracheostomy insertion occurs between the 2nd and 3rd tracheal ring in the midline. In order to correctly site a tracheostomy, the cricoid cartilage and sternal notch need to be identified.
Extension of the neck helps increase the space between these two structures. A horizontal incision is made at the midpoint of the sternal notch to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage
Describe the function of the chorda tympani
Branch of Facial nerve
- Carries taste sensation of anterior 2/3rds of the tongue
- Parasympathetic innervation to submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
Describe the pathway of the chorda tympani nerve
- Passes through the middle ear exiting via petrotympanic fissure before joining the lingual nerve in the infratemporal fossa
Most superficial structure on the parotid gland?
- Facial Nerve
What is the nerve supply of the lingual nerve?
- Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
What is the function of the lingual nerve?
Transmits the sensation of touch, pain, temperature from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, and the lingual gingiva to the brain.
Which part of the cerebellum is involved with balance and eye moevments
- Flocculonodular lobe
Which part of the cerebellum is responsible for fine movement in distal extremities and implicated in intention tremor
Posterior lobe
Which part of the cerebellum is responsible for posture and trunkal movement?
Vermis (midline structure)
what is the formula for cerebral perfusion pressure?
CPP = MAP - ICP
Most likely source of bleeding from LP?
Dura mater via vertebral venous plexus
Which nerve is medial to the phrenic nerve in the thorax?
Vagus
Which part of the temporal bone forms the pterion?
Squamous part
Which arteries supply the temporal lobe
- Middle and posterior cerebral artery
Which artery (s) supply the occipital lobe
- Posterior cerebral
Which arterial vessel(s) supply the parietal lobe
- Middle cerebral and anterior cerebral
Which arterial vessel(s) supply the frontal lobe
- Anterior and middle cerebral arteries
What is the blood supply of the pons?
- Pontine arteries from the basilar artery
