Pathology Flashcards
Name 4 features of neurofibromatosis type I
- Plexiform neurofibroma: Accelerated growth of single limb
- Schwannoma
- Cafe au lait spots
- Lisch nodules
- Optic glioma
- Learning difficulty
Name 5 features of Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome
- cerebellar haemangiomas
- retinal haemangiomas: vitreous haemorrhage
renal cysts (premalignant)
phaeochromocytoma
extra-renal cysts: epididymal, pancreatic, hepatic
endolymphatic sac tumours
What are the features of trochlear nerve palsy
- Vertical diplopia e.g. descending stairs
- Unable to look down and in
Describe the features of abducens nerve palsy
- Convergence of eyes in primary position
- Lateral diplopia
- Eyes deviate medially
What is the most common histological type of ovarian cancer?
Epithelial: High-Grade Serous Carcinoma
Which types of tissue are found in hamartomas
mix of mesenchymal (undifferentiated embryonic tissue) tissues like cartilage, fat, smooth muscle, and connective tissue
What is the Pathopneumonic ECG finding in hyperkalaemia apart from tall tented t waves
S1Q3T3: large S wave in lead I, a Q wave in lead III, and an inverted T wave in lead III, is a classic sign of acute right heart strain.
Describe the corneal reflex
Describe the difference in symptoms from damag to parasympathetic erection centre vs pudenal nerve when it comes to erections
- PEC(via hypogastric plexus): No erections at all
- Pudendal nerve(via sacral plexus): Unable to maintain rigid erection long enough to have intercourse
Name 1 test which can differentiate between cytomegalovirus and EBV
- Heterophile antibody test (monospot test)
- Negative in EBV
Which type of collagen is found in scar tissue
Type 3
Where is type 2 collagen primarily found
- Articular cartilage
Where is type 4 collagen primarily found?
Basement membranes underlying epithelial and endothelial cells
What is the hallmark histological finding in giant cell arteritis?
Granulomatous inflammation in the arterial wall
What are the features of central cord syndrome
- Associated with hyperextension injury
- Disproportionately greater motor loss in upper extremities vs lower extremities
What are the features of posteiror cord syndrome
- Preservation of motor, pain and temprature sensation (spinothalamic)
- Loss of prioprioception and fine touch sensation below the level of lesion
- Posterior spinal artery infarct
What are the features of anterior cord syndrome?
- Paraplegia below level of lesion (corticospinal tract)
- loss of pain and temperature
- Proprioception, vibration and deep pressure sensation preserved (posterior column)
Diagnostic test for tertiary hyperparathyroidism?
- Technetium-99m sestamibi scan
Which histology is associated with malignant phyllodes tumour?
- Aggressive stromal cell proliferation within fibroepithelial tissue
- cellular stromal proliferation, with leaf-like projections lined by epithelial cells, along with significant stromal cell atypia and increased mitotic activity
Antibodies characteristic of PBC
AMA
Antibodies characteristic of autoimmune hepatitis
- Anti smooth muscle and Antinuclear Antibodies
What does penumatosis intestinalis indicate
- Gas within wall of GI indicating bowel obstruction/necrotising enterocolitis/bowel ischaemia/ cancer
- Surgical emergency
Which parasitic infections are treated with metronidazole
- Cryptosporidium and giardiasis
- Protozoan
Which parasite can be diagnosed by placing scotch tape at the anus and visualising eggs on microscope?
Enterobiasis vermacularis
- Common cause of pruritus ani
Describe 3 features of amoebic abscess
- Usually right sided lesion
- Poorly defined borders on ultrasound
- anchovy paste looking aspirate?
Name 3 features of liver haemangiomas
- Usually women in 3rd to 5th decade
- Linked to COCP
- Hyperechoic
- Separated from liver by ring of fibrous tissue
Which organism is the most common cause of ventilatory associated chest infections
Pseudomonas
Most common zone in the prostate for prostate adenocarcinoma in to arise
- Peripheral zone
- Then transitional
