Physiology

Question 0

What hormones are synthesised by the kidney?

Answer 0

Renin
1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D
Erythropoietin

Question 1

Effect of acidosis on k+ and chloride

Answer 1

Acidosis causes potassium retention and a rise in chloride.

Anion gap maintained.

Question 2

Oestrogens cause…

Answer 2

Hypertrophy of the uterus and lower genital tract
Rhythmical contraction of the Fallopian tubes
Proliferation of vaginal stratified cells and increased glycogen content
Inhibition of prolactin release

Question 3

Effect of thyroid releasing hormone on prolactin secretion

Answer 3

Stimulation

Question 4

What stimulates prolactin release

Answer 4

Thyrotrophin releasing hormone
Insulin
Dopamine antagonists (metoclopramide, domperidone)
Suckling

Question 5

What does prostaglandin f2 alpha do?

Answer 5

Antagonises progesterone activity.

Uterine contraction and bronchoconstriction.

Question 6

What is beriberi a deficiency of

Answer 6

Thiamine

Question 7

Cyanocobalamin deficiency causes what

Answer 7

B12 deficiency anaemia = macrocytic

Question 8

What does niacin deficiency cause

Answer 8

B3 - pellagra

Question 9

What condition is the effect of folate deficiency

Answer 9

Macrocytic anaemia

Question 10

What is scurvy a deficiency of

Answer 10

Acscorbic acid = vit c

Question 11

Where is growth hormone produced from

Answer 11

Pituitary gland

Question 12

What hormones regulate growth hormone secretion

Answer 12

Growth hormone releasing hormone
Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (somatostatin)
Produced by the hypothalamus

Question 13

What is the effect of blood glucose levels on growth hormone

Answer 13

Blood glucose levels fall and trigger the secretion of growth hormone releasing hormone to rerelease stored growth hormone

Question 14

What happens to maternal level of placental growth hormone during pregnancy

Answer 14

Increase throughout pregnancy from week 8 to reach a peak at 35 weeks

Question 15

When may levels of sex hormone binding globulin be decreased

Answer 15

Obesity
Hypothyroidism
Androgen use
Nephrotic syndrome 
Cushing's disease
Acromegally

Question 16

When may levels of sex hormone binding globulin be increased

Answer 16

Hepatic Cirrhosis
Hyperthyroidism
Oestrogen use

Question 19

Effect of low oestrogen on bone

Answer 19

Decreased absorption of calcium and vit D
Thinning trabecular bone, osteoporosis
Increased risk of fractures

Question 20

What happens immediately after large haemorrhage

Answer 20

Anaerobic glycolysis due to decreased perfusion
Carotid chemoreceptors stimulated 
Coronary vasodilation
Fall in pulse pressure 
ADH secretion and thirst

Question 21

What pathway is assessed by the prothrombin time

Answer 21

Extrinsic pathway - factors 7, 10, 5 and 2

Question 22

How does warfarin produce its effects

Answer 22

Interferes with vitamin K metabolism
Inhibits the Alpha carboxylation of factors two, seven, nine, 10
Prolongs prothrombin time

Question 23

How does low molecular weight heparin exert its effects

Answer 23

Factor 10a inhibitor

Question 24

What hormones increase plasma glucose

Answer 24

Growth hormone
Adrenaline
Glucagon
Corticosteroids

Question 25

What hormone deficiency causes hot flushes

Answer 25

Oestrogen

Question 26

Leptin produced by placental syncytiotrophoblast is involved in what processes in pregnancy

Answer 26

Implantation, proliferation of cytotrophoblasts and transfer of nutrients across the placenta

Question 27

Presentation of acute adrenocortical insufficiency (addisonian crisis)

Answer 27

``` Weakness Nausea and vomiting Abdominal pain Hypotension Fever ``` Hyponatraemia Hyperkalaemia Acidosis Hypoglycaemia

Question 28

What other hormone is growth hormone structurally similar to?

Answer 28

Prolactin

Question 29

Site of calcitonin production

Answer 29

Parafollicular cells of thyroid

Question 30

Effect of calcitonin

Answer 30

Reduce blood levels of calcium. (Cali-tone-it down) | Opposes effect of parathyroid hormone.

Question 31

Metabolic effects of growth hormone

Answer 31

Enhances aminoacid transport Decreases utilisation of protein Increased glycogen deposition Increased blood glucose concentration

Question 32

Where is human chorionic gonadotropin produced

Answer 32

Outer layer of the blastocyst | Placenta

Question 33

hCG effect on thyroid

Answer 33

TSH like effect

Question 34

What happens to levels of sex hormone binding globulin in pregnancy

Answer 34

Increase

Question 35

What hormone binds to sex hormone binding globulin

Answer 35

Testosterone

Question 36

Effect of aldosterone on the kidney

Answer 36

Conserve sodium | Excrete potassium

Question 37

What is the main regulator of aldosterone secretion

Answer 37

Angiotensin II

Question 38

What does high free T4 and high TSH suggest

Answer 38

Pituitary TSH secreting tumour

Question 39

Causes of metabolic acidosis

Answer 39

``` DKA Severe diarrhoea Lactic Acidosis Liver failure Starvation Uraemia ```

Question 40

ADH secretion is inhibited by

Answer 40

``` Dilution Cold Increased BP Alcohol Tetracyclines ```

Question 41

ADH secretion is increased by

Answer 41

Barbiturates SSRIs Sulphonylureas

Question 42

What are platelets made off

Answer 42

Membrane encapsulated fragments of megakaryocytes Formed in bone marrow No nucleus

Question 43

What substances to platelets release

Answer 43

Nitric oxide Thromboxane Prostaglandins

Question 44

Platelet lifespan

Answer 44

9-10 days

Question 45

How is Bilirubin produced

Answer 45

Breakdown product of haem

Question 46

How is bilirubin transported

Answer 46

bound to Albumin

Question 47

Features of phaeochromocytoma

Answer 47

``` Panic attacks Sweating Anxiety Tremors Palpitations Variable hypertension Hyperglycaemia ```