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physiology etc > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

0
Q

What hormones are synthesised by the kidney?

A

Renin
1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D
Erythropoietin

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1
Q

Effect of acidosis on k+ and chloride

A

Acidosis causes potassium retention and a rise in chloride.

Anion gap maintained.

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2
Q

Oestrogens cause…

A

Hypertrophy of the uterus and lower genital tract
Rhythmical contraction of the Fallopian tubes
Proliferation of vaginal stratified cells and increased glycogen content
Inhibition of prolactin release

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3
Q

Effect of thyroid releasing hormone on prolactin secretion

A

Stimulation

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4
Q

What stimulates prolactin release

A

Thyrotrophin releasing hormone
Insulin
Dopamine antagonists (metoclopramide, domperidone)
Suckling

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5
Q

What does prostaglandin f2 alpha do?

A

Antagonises progesterone activity.

Uterine contraction and bronchoconstriction.

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6
Q

What is beriberi a deficiency of

A

Thiamine

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7
Q

Cyanocobalamin deficiency causes what

A

B12 deficiency anaemia = macrocytic

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8
Q

What does niacin deficiency cause

A

B3 - pellagra

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9
Q

What condition is the effect of folate deficiency

A

Macrocytic anaemia

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10
Q

What is scurvy a deficiency of

A

Acscorbic acid = vit c

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11
Q

Where is growth hormone produced from

A

Pituitary gland

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12
Q

What hormones regulate growth hormone secretion

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone
Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (somatostatin)
Produced by the hypothalamus

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13
Q

What is the effect of blood glucose levels on growth hormone

A

Blood glucose levels fall and trigger the secretion of growth hormone releasing hormone to rerelease stored growth hormone

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14
Q

What happens to maternal level of placental growth hormone during pregnancy

A

Increase throughout pregnancy from week 8 to reach a peak at 35 weeks

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15
Q

When may levels of sex hormone binding globulin be decreased

A 
Obesity
Hypothyroidism
Androgen use
Nephrotic syndrome 
Cushing's disease
Acromegally
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16
Q

When may levels of sex hormone binding globulin be increased

A

Hepatic Cirrhosis
Hyperthyroidism
Oestrogen use

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19
Q

Effect of low oestrogen on bone

A

Decreased absorption of calcium and vit D
Thinning trabecular bone, osteoporosis
Increased risk of fractures

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20
Q

What happens immediately after large haemorrhage

A 
Anaerobic glycolysis due to decreased perfusion
Carotid chemoreceptors stimulated 
Coronary vasodilation
Fall in pulse pressure 
ADH secretion and thirst
21
Q

What pathway is assessed by the prothrombin time

A

Extrinsic pathway - factors 7, 10, 5 and 2

22
Q

How does warfarin produce its effects

A

Interferes with vitamin K metabolism
Inhibits the Alpha carboxylation of factors two, seven, nine, 10
Prolongs prothrombin time

23
Q

How does low molecular weight heparin exert its effects

A

Factor 10a inhibitor

24
Q

What hormones increase plasma glucose

A

Growth hormone
Adrenaline
Glucagon
Corticosteroids

25
Q

What hormone deficiency causes hot flushes

A

Oestrogen

26
Q

Leptin produced by placental syncytiotrophoblast is involved in what processes in pregnancy

A

Implantation, proliferation of cytotrophoblasts and transfer of nutrients across the placenta

27
Q

Presentation of acute adrenocortical insufficiency (addisonian crisis)

A 
Weakness
Nausea and vomiting
Abdominal pain
Hypotension
Fever

Hyponatraemia
Hyperkalaemia
Acidosis
Hypoglycaemia

28
Q

What other hormone is growth hormone structurally similar to?

A

Prolactin

29
Q

Site of calcitonin production

A

Parafollicular cells of thyroid

30
Q

Effect of calcitonin

A

Reduce blood levels of calcium. (Cali-tone-it down)

Opposes effect of parathyroid hormone.

31
Q

Metabolic effects of growth hormone

A

Enhances aminoacid transport
Decreases utilisation of protein
Increased glycogen deposition
Increased blood glucose concentration

32
Q

Where is human chorionic gonadotropin produced

A

Outer layer of the blastocyst

Placenta

33
Q

hCG effect on thyroid

A

TSH like effect

34
Q

What happens to levels of sex hormone binding globulin in pregnancy

A

Increase

35
Q

What hormone binds to sex hormone binding globulin

A

Testosterone

36
Q

Effect of aldosterone on the kidney

A

Conserve sodium

Excrete potassium

37
Q

What is the main regulator of aldosterone secretion

A

Angiotensin II

38
Q

What does high free T4 and high TSH suggest

A

Pituitary TSH secreting tumour

39
Q

Causes of metabolic acidosis

A 
DKA
Severe diarrhoea
Lactic Acidosis
Liver failure
Starvation
Uraemia
40
Q

ADH secretion is inhibited by

A 
Dilution
Cold
Increased BP
Alcohol
Tetracyclines
41
Q

ADH secretion is increased by

A

Barbiturates
SSRIs
Sulphonylureas

42
Q

What are platelets made off

A

Membrane encapsulated fragments of megakaryocytes
Formed in bone marrow
No nucleus

43
Q

What substances to platelets release

A

Nitric oxide
Thromboxane
Prostaglandins

44
Q

Platelet lifespan

A

9-10 days

45
Q

How is Bilirubin produced

A

Breakdown product of haem

46
Q

How is bilirubin transported

A

bound to Albumin

47
Q

Features of phaeochromocytoma

A 
Panic attacks
Sweating
Anxiety
Tremors
Palpitations
Variable hypertension 
Hyperglycaemia

physiology etc (7 decks)

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