Biochemistry Flashcards

0
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur

A

Within mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is the Krebs cycle?

A

Reactions in which acetyl co enzyme A is metabolised carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Can Krebs cycle function in anaerobic conditions?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Krebs cycle is the pathway for oxidation of what substances

A

Carbohydrate fat and some amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Uric acid is formed from the breakdown of what?

A

Purines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does serum uric acid levels change in pregnancy?

A

Levels may fall due to dilution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In what obstetric condition does levels of uric acid rise?

A

Pre-eclampsia (PET)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where does reabsorption of uric acid occur

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Features of a transudate?

A

Low protein concentration
Low specific gravity
Low nucleated cell count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Features of an exudate

A

High protein concentration

Higher specific gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Causes of an exudate

A
Meigs syndrome
Malignancy
Infection
Pulmonary embolus
Pancreatitis
Tuberculous peritonitis
Budd Chiari syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Causes of a transudate

A
Congestive heart failure
Process
Hyperproteinaemia
Nephrotic syndrome
Acute atelectasis
Myxoedema
Peritoneal dialysis
Meigs syndrome
End-stage renal disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where does 25 hydroxylation of vitamin D occur

A

In the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens to vitamin D in the kidney

A

1 hydroxylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Effect of renal failure of vitamin D levels

A

Decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Causes of hypokalaemia

A
1. Transcellular shifts 
   alkalosis
   Insulin
   Beta agonists 
2. Renal losses
   Dieresis 
   DKA after therapy
   Cons syndrome
3. Extra renal losses
   Diarrhoea
   NG suction 
4. Decresed intake 
   Malnutrition
   alcoholism
16
Q

What are the 9 essential amino acids

A
Valine 
Tryptophan 
Lysine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Phenylalanine 
Threonine
Methionine 
Histidine
17
Q

Causes of hyperkalaemia

A

Time for renal tubular acidosis
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypoadrenalism

18
Q

ECG changes in hyperkalaemia

A
Peaked T
Prolonged PR
Wide QRS
Decreased p
Heartblock
Arrhythmia
19
Q

Effect of hyperkalaemia on muscles

A

Weakness
Paraesthesia
Decreased reflexes

20
Q

Where is insulin secreted from

A

Pancreatic beta cells

21
Q

Half life of insulin

22
Q

Clinical conditions which prolong nondepolarising neuromuscular blockade

A
Hypokalaemia
Hypocalcaemia
Hypermagnesaemia
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Hypothermia
23
Q

Drugs which prolong neuromuscular blockade

A

Antibiotics-streptomycin polymyxin and neomycin
Cocaine
Procaine and Lidocaine
Lithium (hypokalaemia)

24
What are prostaglandins composed of
Long chain hydroxy fatty acids
25
What is uric acid formed from
Breakdown of purines
26
Effect of pre-eclampsia on uric acid levels
Increase