Biochemistry Flashcards
Where does the Krebs cycle occur
Within mitochondria
What is the Krebs cycle?
Reactions in which acetyl co enzyme A is metabolised carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms
Can Krebs cycle function in anaerobic conditions?
No
Krebs cycle is the pathway for oxidation of what substances
Carbohydrate fat and some amino acids
Uric acid is formed from the breakdown of what?
Purines
How does serum uric acid levels change in pregnancy?
Levels may fall due to dilution
In what obstetric condition does levels of uric acid rise?
Pre-eclampsia (PET)
Where does reabsorption of uric acid occur
Proximal convoluted tubule
Features of a transudate?
Low protein concentration
Low specific gravity
Low nucleated cell count
Features of an exudate
High protein concentration
Higher specific gravity
Causes of an exudate
Meigs syndrome Malignancy Infection Pulmonary embolus Pancreatitis Tuberculous peritonitis Budd Chiari syndrome
Causes of a transudate
Congestive heart failure Process Hyperproteinaemia Nephrotic syndrome Acute atelectasis Myxoedema Peritoneal dialysis Meigs syndrome End-stage renal disease
Where does 25 hydroxylation of vitamin D occur
In the liver
What happens to vitamin D in the kidney
1 hydroxylation
Effect of renal failure of vitamin D levels
Decreased
Causes of hypokalaemia
1. Transcellular shifts alkalosis Insulin Beta agonists 2. Renal losses Dieresis DKA after therapy Cons syndrome 3. Extra renal losses Diarrhoea NG suction 4. Decresed intake Malnutrition alcoholism
What are the 9 essential amino acids
Valine Tryptophan Lysine Leucine Isoleucine Phenylalanine Threonine Methionine Histidine
Causes of hyperkalaemia
Time for renal tubular acidosis
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypoadrenalism
ECG changes in hyperkalaemia
Peaked T Prolonged PR Wide QRS Decreased p Heartblock Arrhythmia
Effect of hyperkalaemia on muscles
Weakness
Paraesthesia
Decreased reflexes
Where is insulin secreted from
Pancreatic beta cells
Half life of insulin
4 mins
Clinical conditions which prolong nondepolarising neuromuscular blockade
Hypokalaemia Hypocalcaemia Hypermagnesaemia Metabolic alkalosis Respiratory acidosis Hypothermia
Drugs which prolong neuromuscular blockade
Antibiotics-streptomycin polymyxin and neomycin
Cocaine
Procaine and Lidocaine
Lithium (hypokalaemia)
What are prostaglandins composed of
Long chain hydroxy fatty acids
What is uric acid formed from
Breakdown of purines
Effect of pre-eclampsia on uric acid levels
Increase
