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physiology etc > Molecular Biology > Flashcards

Molecular Biology Flashcards

0
Q

What are the 2 types of nitrogenous base?

A

Purine

Pyrimidine

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1
Q

A nucleotide is made up of?

A

A sugar molecule
A nitrogenous base
A phosphate group

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2
Q

What is DNA

A

Double stranded helix held together by hydrogen bonds.

Anti-parallel strands.

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3
Q

What does DNA replication involve?

A

Unwinding the DNA strand by DNA helicase.
Copying of DNA by DNA polymerase.
Winding back of DNA by DNA ligase.

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4
Q

3 types of RNA

A

mRNA (transcription)
rRNA (ribosomal)
tRNA (translation)

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5
Q

What are codons?

A

Genetic code made of RNA consisting of 3 sequential nucleotides.
Total possible number is 64

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6
Q

What is a gene?

A

A stretch of nucleotides that code for a polypeptide.

It determines the function of a protein.

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7
Q

What 2 regions is a gene made up of?

A 
Exons = coding area
Introns = non coding.
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8
Q

Where are chromosomes?

A

In the nuclei

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9
Q

What is a chromosome made up of?

A

2 identical chromatids.

Held together by a centromere.

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10
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does each cell have?

A

22 pairs + 1 pair of sex chromosomes

23

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11
Q

Which chromosome is the largest?

A

Chromosome 1

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12
Q

Which chromosome is the smallest?

A

Chromosome 22

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13
Q

What stain is used to identify chromosomes?

A

Giemsa staining

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14
Q

What does colchicine do to chromosomes?

A

Inhibits spindle formation

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15
Q

What does EDTA do to chromosomes?

A

Inhibits deoxyribonuxlease

16
Q

What are the arms of a Chromosome called

A 
P = short
Q = long
17
Q

What is a centromere?

A

The point where 2 identical sister chromatids come in to contact

18
Q

Types of chromosomes

A 
Metacentric
Submetacentric
Acrocentric 
Telocentric (not in humans)
Holocentric (not in humans)
19
Q

Name of the sugar component of DNA

A

Deoxyribose

20
Q

Name of the sugar component of RNA

A

Ribose

21
Q

What does helicase do?

A

Unwinds DNA

22
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

Binds to one strand of DNA and uses it as a template to create DNA.

23
Q

What is meant by semi-conservative DNA replication?

A

DNA replication is semi-conservative as one-half of each new molecule of DNA is old; one-half new.

24
Q

DNA is transcribed to mRNA by what?

A

RNA polymerase.

25
Q

What is transcription

A

When RNA is made from DNA

26
Q

What does PCR stand for?

A

Polymerase chain reaction

27
Q

What does PCR do?

A

Amplifies a selected area in a DNA stand.

Does not work on RNA.

28
Q

What is blotting?

A

A method of transferring proteins onto a carrier

29
Q

What is proteomics

A

Study of proteins

30
Q

What is 2 dimensional gel electrophoresis

A

For proteins
1st is based by isoelectric point - voltage applied along PH gradient.
2nd is based on size - voltage applied perpendicular.

31
Q

How many phases are there in the cell cycle?

A

4 - G1, synthesis, G2, mitosis

32
Q

What is interphase?

A

Part of the cell cycle - containing G1, synthesis and G2.

Not mitosis.

33
Q

In which part of the cell cycle does chromosome replication occur

A

Synthesis

34
Q

What is the action of TAQ polymerase

A

Enzyme used in PCR

35
Q

What are the 4 bases of DNA

A

A T C G

36
Q

At what temperature is DNA denatured

A

94 degrees for 5 minutes

37
Q

What are the essential amino acids

A 
Valine
Tryptophan
Lysine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Methionine
Histidine

physiology etc (7 decks)

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