physiology Flashcards
what is the hormone that secrets gastric acid in the stomach?
Gastrin
pancreas is a mixed gland, tell me what each do?
- endocrine: it secrets insulin or glucagon
- exocrine: it secrets pancreatic enzymes
the boss of the endocrine system?
pituitary gland with the hypothalamus complex
which part of the pituitary gland makes the hormones ?
anterior pitu. gland but it is controlled by hypothalamus
the post pitu gland act as a reservoir for?
ADH AND OXYTOCIN
importance of oxytocin?
imp for uterine contraction when having a baby
importance of ADH?
stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water
importance of pineal gland?
secrets melatonin, which helps regulate circadian rhythm- sleep wake cycle-
hormones are considered as ?
chemicals
Site of production of prolactin؟
Lacotrophs
what is the function of prolactin?
is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland with a primary role in regulating lactation (milk production).
what does prolactin stimulate?
prolactin will stimulate the alveolar glands in the mammary glands to produce milk
inhibitors of the prolactin?
- PIH - dopamine-
- GAP
- GABA
charac. og prolactin?
It is one of the stress hormones
It has a short half-life (20 min)
Sleep-related circadian rhythm , highest in the early
morning & lower in the afternoon
stimulators of prolactin?
-TRH
- estrogen
- breast feeding
- VIP
- PHM
-oxytocin
-estradiol
what is the primary function of prolactin?
Its primary function is to enhance breast development
during pregnancy and to induce lactation
GH is considered as?
somatotropic hormone or somatotropin
what GH does ?
It causes growth of
almost all tissues of the body that are capable of growing.
It promotes increased sizes of the cells
Increased mitosis, with development of greater numbers of cells
Specific differentiation of certain types of
cells such as bone growth cells and early muscle cells
both prolactin and GH are secreted in ?
pulsatile fashion
indirect effect of GH on liver?
GH stimulates the liver to produce Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1), which mediates many of GH’s growth-promoting on bone and cartilages
GH metabolic effect:
Protein metabolism: Anabolic,
rate of protein synthesis in all cells.
Fat metabolism: Catabolic,
mobilization of FFAs from adipose tissue stores to provide energy.
CHO metabolism: Hyperglycemic,
rate of glucose utilization throughout the body, & glucose uptake by cells.
Thus, GH enhances body protein, uses up fat stores, & conserves carbohydrates
what does the GH actually do to increase the rate of synthase of protein ?
- Enhancement of aa transport through cell membranes.
- Enhancement of RNA translation to cause protein synthesis by the ribosomes.
- nuclear transcription of DNA to form RNA.
- catabolism of protein & aa.
Gluconeogenesis?
Breakdown of proteins and lipids and conversion of amino acids and fatty acids into glucose
Glycogenolysis?
Breakdown of liver glycogen into glucose
Lipolysis?
triglycerides (fat molecules) stored in adipose tissue are broken down into their components: glycerol and free fatty acids (FFAs).
2 mechanisms of bone growth?
- linear growth for the long bones
- deposition of new bone
no further elongation of the bone when?
when the shaft - diaphysis- & epiphysis fuse together
stimulation of bone growth?
Increased deposition of protein by the
chondrocytic and osteogenic cells that cause bone growth
Increased rate of reproduction of these cells
A specific effect of converting chondrocytes into osteogenic cells, thus causing deposition of new bone
