physiology

Question 1

what is the hormone that secrets gastric acid in the stomach?

Answer 1

Gastrin

Question 2

pancreas is a mixed gland, tell me what each do?

Answer 2

• endocrine: it secrets insulin or glucagon
• exocrine: it secrets pancreatic enzymes

Question 3

the boss of the endocrine system?

Answer 3

pituitary gland with the hypothalamus complex

Question 4

which part of the pituitary gland makes the hormones ?

Answer 4

anterior pitu. gland but it is controlled by hypothalamus

Question 5

the post pitu gland act as a reservoir for?

Answer 5

ADH AND OXYTOCIN

Question 6

importance of oxytocin?

Answer 6

imp for uterine contraction when having a baby

Question 7

importance of ADH?

Answer 7

stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water

Question 8

importance of pineal gland?

Answer 8

secrets melatonin, which helps regulate circadian rhythm- sleep wake cycle-

Question 9

hormones are considered as ?

Answer 9

chemicals

Question 10

Site of production of prolactin؟

Answer 10

Lacotrophs

Question 11

what is the function of prolactin?

Answer 11

is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland with a primary role in regulating lactation (milk production).

Question 12

what does prolactin stimulate?

Answer 12

prolactin will stimulate the alveolar glands in the mammary glands to produce milk

Question 13

inhibitors of the prolactin?

Answer 13

• PIH - dopamine-
• GAP
• GABA

Question 14

charac. og prolactin?

Answer 14

It is one of the stress hormones
 It has a short half-life (20 min)
 Sleep-related circadian rhythm , highest in the early
morning & lower in the afternoon

Question 14

stimulators of prolactin?

Answer 14

-TRH
- estrogen
- breast feeding
- VIP
- PHM
-oxytocin
-estradiol

Question 15

what is the primary function of prolactin?

Answer 15

Its primary function is to enhance breast development
during pregnancy and to induce lactation

Question 16

GH is considered as?

Answer 16

somatotropic hormone or somatotropin

Question 17

what GH does ?

Answer 17

It causes growth of
almost all tissues of the body that are capable of growing.
It promotes increased sizes of the cells
Increased mitosis, with development of greater numbers of cells
Specific differentiation of certain types of
cells such as bone growth cells and early muscle cells

Question 18

both prolactin and GH are secreted in ?

Answer 18

pulsatile fashion

Question 19

indirect effect of GH on liver?

Answer 19

GH stimulates the liver to produce Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1), which mediates many of GH’s growth-promoting on bone and cartilages

Question 20

GH metabolic effect:

Answer 20

Protein metabolism: Anabolic,
 rate of protein synthesis in all cells.

Fat metabolism: Catabolic,
 mobilization of FFAs from adipose tissue stores to provide energy.

CHO metabolism: Hyperglycemic,
 rate of glucose utilization throughout the body, &  glucose uptake by cells.
Thus, GH enhances body protein, uses up fat stores, & conserves carbohydrates

Question 21

what does the GH actually do to increase the rate of synthase of protein ?

Answer 21

1. Enhancement of aa transport through cell membranes.
2. Enhancement of RNA translation to cause protein synthesis by the ribosomes.
3.  nuclear transcription of DNA to form RNA.
4.  catabolism of protein & aa.

Question 22

Gluconeogenesis?

Answer 22

Breakdown of proteins and lipids and conversion of amino acids and fatty acids into glucose

Question 23

Glycogenolysis?

Answer 23

Breakdown of liver glycogen into glucose

Question 24

Lipolysis?

Answer 24

triglycerides (fat molecules) stored in adipose tissue are broken down into their components: glycerol and free fatty acids (FFAs).

Question 25

2 mechanisms of bone growth?

Answer 25

• linear growth for the long bones
• deposition of new bone

Question 26

no further elongation of the bone when?

Answer 26

when the shaft - diaphysis- & epiphysis fuse together

Question 27

stimulation of bone growth?

Answer 27

Increased deposition of protein by the
chondrocytic and osteogenic cells that cause bone growth
 Increased rate of reproduction of these cells
 A specific effect of converting chondrocytes into osteogenic cells, thus causing deposition of new bone