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endocrine system > Anatomy & embryo of endocrine glands > Flashcards

Anatomy & embryo of endocrine glands Flashcards

1
Q

what is pituitary gland ?

A

A hormone secreting gland that is located below the hypothalamus, it has 2 lobes(ant, post) each of which has a different origin and function

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2
Q

what is the releations bw anterior pituitary gland and hormones

A

is responsible for the production and release of several important hormones that regulate various physiological processes.
These hormones are secreted in response to releasing or inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus

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3
Q

what is the releations bw psterior pituitary gland and hormones?

A

The posterior pituitary gland is responsible for the release of two key hormones, which are synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary until needed e.g: - ADH -oxytocin

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4
Q

pituitary gland connects with hypothaalmus through?

A

infundibulum.

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5
Q

The superior surface of the pituitary gland is covered by?

A

a reflection of the dura
mater – the diaphragma sellae.

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6
Q

The pitu. gland has several key anatomical relations:

A

Anteriorly – sphenoid sinus
Posteriorly – posterior intercavernous sinus, dorsum sellae (posterior wall
of the sella turcica), basilar artery and the pons.
Superiorly – diaphragma sellae (fold of dura mater that covers the pituitary
gland), optic chiasm.
▪ Inferiorly – sphenoid sinus
▪ Laterally – cavernous sinus.

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7
Q

cavernous sinus contain:

A
  • internal carotid artery
  • cranial nerves
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8
Q

what is a sinus in the brain?

A

it is not a vein yet but the blood drains into it.

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9
Q

Different names for each lobe ?

A

▪ The anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
▪ The posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

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10
Q

Embryology of post&ant lobes of pitu. gland?

A

ant lobe is is derived from an outpouching of the roof of the pharynx, called Rathke’s pouch.
post lobe is arises from the embryonic forebrain, and is, in essence, an extension of the hypothalamus.
so ant pit gland is related to the pharynx while the post one is only a neurological structure.

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11
Q

what is Portal Circulation?

A

artery drains into artery
vein drains into vein
BEFORE REACHING THE HEART!

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12
Q

Blood supply of the Ant pituitary gland?

A

Superior hypophyseal artery(a branch of the internal carotid artery), goes upwards to supply the Hypothalamic capillary network then descends downwards to supply The Ant pituitary capillary network.
so its known as the hypophyseal portal
system.

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13
Q

Blood supply of the post pituitary gland?

A

Superior hypophyseal artery, infundibular artery and
inferior hypophyseal artery.

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14
Q

what is thyroid gland?

A

▪The largest pure endocrine gland in the body
▪ About 25 gm
▪ A butterfly shaped gland
▪ Formed by 2 lateral lobes
connected by the isthmus

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15
Q

what is the opposite cervical vertebrae for these structures?
-hyoid bone
-thyroid cartilage/Adams apple
-lower border of the thyroid cartilage
-cricoid cartilage
-1st tracheal ring

A
  • C3
    -C4
    -C5
    -C6
    -C7
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16
Q

pyramidal lobe

A
  • it arises from the isthmus & is on the LT sided but no harm if it was on the RT sided
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17
Q

common carotid artery splits:

A

into external and internal cca at the level of C5

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18
Q

Inferior thyroid artery pierces

A

the thyroid gland at the level of C6

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19
Q

Who gives parafollicular cells to
thyroid gland?

A

Ultimobranchial body

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20
Q

embryo of thyroid gland

A

It is developed from endodermal cells of floor of
pharynx (area of developing tongue).
▪ It begins a median thyroid diverticulum at dorsum of
tongue at foramen cecum between tuberculum impar
and hypobranchial eminence.

▪ Elongation of thyroid diverticulum to form thyro-
glossal duct. It elongates downwards caudally and

anteriorly infront hyoid and thyroid cartilage where it
ends by dividing into 2 parts.

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21
Q

Position of the thyroid gland?

A

It lies on front & sides of the lower part of neck.
* The apex of each lobe rests on the thyroid
cartilage, reaching its oblique line.
▪ The base of each lobe reaches the level of 5th or 6th tracheal ring.
▪ The isthmus crosses the trachea opposite the 2nd, 3rd & 4th tracheal rings

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22
Q

Structure?

A

➢Each lobe is pear-shaped, which has
❑ Apex
❑ Base
❑ 3 surfaces:
▪ . Medial surface
▪ Anterolateral surface
▪ Posterior surface

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23
Q

Structure?

A

A narrow median isthmus connecting the 2 lateral
lobes.
* A small “pyramidal lobe” may project upwards
from the upper border of the isthmus and may be connected to the hyoid bone by a fibromuscular band called “levator glandulae thyroidae”
(remnant of Thyroglossal duct in the embryo).

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24
Q

band that may connect the pyramidal lobe with the hyoid bone ?

A

fibromuscular band called “levator glandulae thyroidae

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25
Q

like any other organ, it has capsules, tell me more about them?

A

the gland has 2 capsules.
* True fibrous capsule: enclosing the gland
* False facial capsule: derived from the pretracheal fascia.
The big vessels of the gland run between the 2 capsules.

26
Q

why thyroid gland moves up and down during swallowing?

A

simply cuz the thyroid gland it self is connected with thyroid & cricoid cartilage through posterior suspensory/ Berry ligament, which these 2 cartilages are connected to the pharynx through inferior constrictor muscle by - cricopharyngeus - thyropharyngeus muscles

27
Q

upper border of the thyroid gland?

A

Is related to anastomotic branch
between the 2 superior thyroid
arteries.
▪ The pyramidal lobe may project
upwards from it.

28
Q

lower border of the thyroid gland?

A

Is related to the inferior thyroid veins, which emerge from the isthmus and the lower parts of both lobes that drains in the Lt brachiocephalic vein.
* The thyroidea ima artery

29
Q

isthmus of thyroid cartilage?

A

it connects the 2 lobes together
It is nearer to the bases than the apices of the 2 lobes of the gland.
* It has
✓2 surfaces: anterior & posterior
✓2 borders: upper & lower

30
Q

when doing a tracheostomy procedure, what will be facing when opening the isthmus ?

A
  • Skin & S. fascia.
  • Anterior jugular veins.
  • Deep fascia.
  • Sternohyoid & Sternothyroid muscles.
31
Q

the isthmus covers which tracheal rings?

A

2,3,4

32
Q

what are the 4 strap muscle?

A
  • sternohyoid
    -sternothyroid
    -omohyoid
    -thyrohyoid
    they will cover the isthmus, thats why in any procedure they have to cut themm
33
Q

what innervate the strap muscles?

A

Ansa cervicalis, loop of nerves formed by fibers from the cervical plexus (C1, C2, and C3 cervical nerves.

34
Q

when the surgen wants to open the strap mucsle, from where should he?

A

from above, to prevent their root of innervation
-cuz their innervation and blood supply comes from down, and if opened from down, ischemia will happen to the strap muscles

35
Q

thyroid gland has 3 surface that was mentioned before, now tell me more about medial surface?

A

➢Above C6 is related to:
* Larynx (thyroid and cricoid cartilages &
cricothyroid muscle).
* Pharynx (inferior constrictor muscle).
* External laryngeal nerve.
➢Below C6 is related to:
▪ Upper 6 rings of
▪ Trachea.
▪ Esophagus.
▪ Recurrent laryngeal nerve in groove
between them.

36
Q

antrolateral suface?

A

-Is covered by skin, superficial
and deep fasciae, Platysma m.( is innervated by 5th branch-cervical artery- from facial artey)
-It is overlapped by the strap muscles :
sternothyroid, sternohyoid,
superior belly of omohyoid and
anterior border of sternocleidomastoid

37
Q

Posterior surface?

A

-is related to the carotid sheath( common carotid artery, vagus nerve, internal jagular vein) where it overlaps the common carotid artery.
* 4 parathyroid glands
* ITA

38
Q

most of the thyroid gland is supplied by?

A

inferior thyroid artery

39
Q

the 4 parathyroid glands are supplied by?

A

inferior thyroid artery

40
Q

3 arteries supply thyroid gland and their origin?

A

Superior thyroid artery; branch of external carotid artery

▪ Inferior thyroid artery; branch of thyrocervical trunk

▪ Thyroidea ima artery; branch of brachiocephalic trunk or arch of aorta

41
Q

what does superior thyroid artery supplies?

A
  • Upper 1/3 of the lateral lobe.
  • Upper 1⁄2 of the isthmus.
42
Q

what is sup thyroid artery accompanied by?

A
  • Superior thyroid vein.
  • External laryngeal nerve.
43
Q

what does inferior thyroid artery supplies?

A

It supplies:
▪ Lower 2/3 of the lateral lobe.
▪ Lower 1⁄2 of the isthmus.

44
Q

Thyroidea ima artery?

A

absent in specific population
comes directly from brachiocephalic
It ascends in front of the trachea and
supplies the isthmus of the gland.

45
Q

venous drainage of the thyroid gland?

A
  • sup - middle - inf thyroid vein
46
Q

where do the sup, middle and inf thyroid vein drains into?

A

sup & middle into internal jugular vein while inf in Lt. brachiocephalic vein.

47
Q

nerves related to thyroid gland?

A
  • external laryngeal nerve
  • recurrent laryngeal nerve
48
Q

superior laryngeal nerve splits into?

A

external and internal

49
Q

above& below VCs?

A
  • above: internal laryngeal nerve
  • below: recurrent laryngeal nerve
50
Q

all the muscles of larynx are supplied by ? except?

A
  • recurrent laryngeal nerve, except cricothyroid by external laryngeal nerve
51
Q

injury in internal laryngeal branch?

A

chocking

52
Q

injury in external laryngeal branch?

A

loss of high pitched voice

53
Q

complete unilateral injury of recurrent lar. n. ?

A

hoarseness of voice

54
Q

complete bilateral ?

A

complete loss of voice

55
Q

partial unilateral?

A

dyspnea on expiration

56
Q

partial bilateral?

A

dyspnea completely
-MOST DANGEROUS

57
Q

lymphatic drainage?

A

The upper part of the gland drains into the upper deep cervical L.Ns. (present along
the I.J.V.).
* The lower part of the gland drains into the lower deep cervical L.Ns. (present along
the I.J.V.).

58
Q

more l. n. ? Some vessels drain in the?

A

Prelaryngeal L.Ns. -> in front of cricothyroid membrane.
* Pretracheal L.Ns. - in front of trachea.

59
Q

what do you know about parathyroid glands?

A
  • These are 4 small yellowish ovoid glands; 2 on each side: superior & inferior.
  • They measure about 6 mm long in their greatest diameter, weight 30 mg.
  • They are intimately related to the posterior border of the thyroid gland, lying within its fascial capsule.
60
Q

arterial supply of parathyroid glands are?

A

inferior thyroid arteries.

61
Q

Venous drainage pf parathyroid glands are?

A

into the inferior thyroid veins.

62
Q

Lymphatic drainage?

A

into the lower deep cervical L.Ns.

endocrine system (2 decks)

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