Physiology Flashcards
levels of organisation in the body
cells, tissue, organ, organ system, body
how many pairs of chromosomes in a normal cell and what is the last pair
23 pairs last pair is sex chromosomes either xx or xy
what is karyographs
seeing chromosomes for gender or if they are missing any or have too many.
it is done by amniocentesis(needle of amniotic fluid) then centrifuged and micro scoped
what trisinamy 21 and features
extra chromosome (downsyndrome) of 21st chromosome
single horizontal palm crease
flattened facial features
macroglossia( big tongue)
hole in septum of heart
features of trisynamy 13
cleft pallet
missing eye
incomplete brain development
different organelles and their jobs
nucleus- holds DNA
SER- lipid production
RER- protien production
Ribosomes- Protien synthesis
Golgi- packages proteins and lysosomes
vecicles- transport vessels
Mitochondria- respiration
plasma membrane- partially permiable
features of plasma membrane
phospholipid bilayer
cholestrol thats glue
protien channels
receptors for cell signalling
transmembrane protiens
what is simple diffusion
diffusion from high to low across semi permiable membrane
facilitated diffussion
diffusion from high to low across a membrane aided by a carrier
what is osmosis
movmenet of water scross a semi permeable membrane from high to low water potentisal
what is isotonic hyper and hypotonic
isotonic same concentration
hypertonic-greater concentration dehydration- cells are hypertonic of water so the water moves out
hypotonic- lesser concentration
water intoxication cells are hypotonic of water so water moves in
what is homeostasis
bodies ability to remain relitvley stable
what is negative feedback and examples
when body moves out of normal range response is stopped to bring it back to normal eg blood glucose and heart rate
requirments for negative feedback
stimulus> sensor to detect stimulus> control centre to decide what to do> effector(response)
sodium homepstasis
aldosterone is released when sodium falls bellow normal value hypotraenimea which promotes reabsorbtion to kidneys
hypertraenemia- aldosterone stops
potassium homeostasis
aldosterone is released when potassium levels are too high hyperkaelimia and the kidneys eliminate it
hypokaelemia- aldosterone is inhibited
what is positive feedback- example
deviation from norm is amplified eg oxytocin in childbirth
parts of the kidney system
kidney- produces urine
ureter- carries urine away
urinary bladder- holds urine
urethra- allows urine to leave bladder
kidney anatomy
hillium- indentation in kidney for renal nerves and veins
kidney pelvis- urines way out
cortex- outer part
medulla inner part
nephron- site of filtration
composition of urine
95% water 5% toxins and nitrogenous waste like urea
kidneys function
excretion, filter blood, remove excess water ions and urea, involved in blood homeostasis
produce epo which synthesises erythrocytes
produce renin which increases blood pressure, allows vasoconstriction
nephron anatomy
glomeroulus>pct>loop of henle>Dct
stages of urine formation
glomerular filteration- small molecules like water are filtered
tubular reabsorbtion- water is retained in pct lh and dct
secretion- ammonium excess water and ions can be actively secreted into urine.
what is haemodyalisis
connected to a dialysis machine blood is filtered through a membrane in hospital
what is peritoneal dyalisis
like haemodyalisis but the membrane used is the peroneum membrane in the bodyand can be drained
what is dialysis
artificial filtration when the kidneys no longer work
what is adh
anti diuretic hormone is produced in hypothalamus- promotes aquaporines in collecting duct to reabsorb water
what is aldosterone
hormone produced in adrenal cortex causes sodium to be reabsorbed into the body causing increased blood pressure
what is ANH
atrial naturetic hormone- produced in atrias- causes sodium to not be absorbed and leaves in the urine- decreses blood pressure
functions of skeleton
support- movmemnt, protection, bloodcell production, calcium storage
organic and inorganic components of the bones
organic- protien collagen, which knits bone together
inorganic- calcium phosphate crystals for the hardness
what is osteogenisis imperfecia
and rickets
brittle bones- lack of collagen formed- genetic
rickets-lack of vitamin d which is needed to absorb the inorganic component
bone classification
long bones- movement bones, epiphysis- head softer, metaphysis- neck, diaphysis- shaft- hard bone
flat bones- protection
short bones- weight bearing
types of fractures
simple- contained within skin
compound- broken out of skin- can become infected
bone marrow
red- axial skeleton produces red blood cells
yellow- lipid storage
hormonal control of bone density
when blood calcium is high thyroids release calcitonin which make calcium attatch to bones
when blood calcium is low PTH stimulates calcium removal from the bones
three types of muscles and their features
skeletal- multinucleated, striated, voluantary, create movments
cardiac- uni/binucleated, light striation, involuantary, control heart beats
smooth- uninucleated, no striation, involuantary, move food and blood and empty the bladder.
type of mysium
epimysium- surrounds whole muscles
perimysium- surrounds groups of fibres
endomysium- surrounds individual fibres
what is the composition of 1 sarcomere
z line to z line
IAHAI- I is the light band
A band is the darkest band
H zone is the light band inbetween the A bands
A= myosin + actin
H myosin
I actin
how do muscles contract
ca binds to troponin which pull tropomyosin out of the way-
atp binds to myosin head to attatch it to actin binding sight
atp is hydrolysed and released causing myosin head to flex and move actin filament
atp binds again to return it to its natural postition
two types of nerve cells and functions
neurones- conduct messages b electrical and chemical messages
neuroglia- protect and support nurones and help with neurone growth
types of neuroglia
astrocytes- control toxins in the blood - blood brain barrier
microglia- macrophages
ependymal cells- cells that fill fluid cavities in brain to protect it
olygodendrocytes- mylin sheath in cns
satilite cells- surround neuron cell bodys and protect them
schwann cells mylin sheath in pns
what pain is caused by what nerves
chronic- unmylinated
sharp- mylinated
types of neurones
multipolar- motor
bipolar- relay
unipolar- sensory
parts of the brain
frontal lobe- thoughts
temporal lobe- hearing
occipital lobe- vision
cerebelum- basic
movments
brocas area - speech prod
werenkes area- understanding
basal ganglia- movment and emotion
hypothalamus- autonomic control
epithalamus- sleep wake
thalamus- processes info
brainstem- primal brain- basic needs
