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Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

levels of organisation in the body

A

cells, tissue, organ, organ system, body

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2
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes in a normal cell and what is the last pair

A

23 pairs last pair is sex chromosomes either xx or xy

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3
Q

what is karyographs

A

seeing chromosomes for gender or if they are missing any or have too many.

it is done by amniocentesis(needle of amniotic fluid) then centrifuged and micro scoped

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4
Q

what trisinamy 21 and features

A

extra chromosome (downsyndrome) of 21st chromosome

single horizontal palm crease
flattened facial features
macroglossia( big tongue)
hole in septum of heart

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5
Q

features of trisynamy 13

A

cleft pallet
missing eye
incomplete brain development

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6
Q

different organelles and their jobs

A

nucleus- holds DNA
SER- lipid production
RER- protien production
Ribosomes- Protien synthesis
Golgi- packages proteins and lysosomes
vecicles- transport vessels
Mitochondria- respiration
plasma membrane- partially permiable

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7
Q

features of plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer
cholestrol thats glue
protien channels
receptors for cell signalling
transmembrane protiens

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8
Q

what is simple diffusion

A

diffusion from high to low across semi permiable membrane

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9
Q

facilitated diffussion

A

diffusion from high to low across a membrane aided by a carrier

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10
Q

what is osmosis

A

movmenet of water scross a semi permeable membrane from high to low water potentisal

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11
Q

what is isotonic hyper and hypotonic

A

isotonic same concentration

hypertonic-greater concentration dehydration- cells are hypertonic of water so the water moves out

hypotonic- lesser concentration
water intoxication cells are hypotonic of water so water moves in

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12
Q

what is homeostasis

A

bodies ability to remain relitvley stable

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13
Q

what is negative feedback and examples

A

when body moves out of normal range response is stopped to bring it back to normal eg blood glucose and heart rate

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14
Q

requirments for negative feedback

A

stimulus> sensor to detect stimulus> control centre to decide what to do> effector(response)

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15
Q

sodium homepstasis

A

aldosterone is released when sodium falls bellow normal value hypotraenimea which promotes reabsorbtion to kidneys

hypertraenemia- aldosterone stops

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16
Q

potassium homeostasis

A

aldosterone is released when potassium levels are too high hyperkaelimia and the kidneys eliminate it

hypokaelemia- aldosterone is inhibited

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17
Q

what is positive feedback- example

A

deviation from norm is amplified eg oxytocin in childbirth

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18
Q

parts of the kidney system

A

kidney- produces urine
ureter- carries urine away
urinary bladder- holds urine
urethra- allows urine to leave bladder

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19
Q

kidney anatomy

A

hillium- indentation in kidney for renal nerves and veins

kidney pelvis- urines way out

cortex- outer part
medulla inner part

nephron- site of filtration

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19
Q

composition of urine

A

95% water 5% toxins and nitrogenous waste like urea

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19
Q

kidneys function

A

excretion, filter blood, remove excess water ions and urea, involved in blood homeostasis

produce epo which synthesises erythrocytes

produce renin which increases blood pressure, allows vasoconstriction

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20
Q

nephron anatomy

A

glomeroulus>pct>loop of henle>Dct

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21
Q

stages of urine formation

A

glomerular filteration- small molecules like water are filtered

tubular reabsorbtion- water is retained in pct lh and dct

secretion- ammonium excess water and ions can be actively secreted into urine.

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22
Q

what is haemodyalisis

A

connected to a dialysis machine blood is filtered through a membrane in hospital

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22
what is peritoneal dyalisis
like haemodyalisis but the membrane used is the peroneum membrane in the bodyand can be drained
22
what is dialysis
artificial filtration when the kidneys no longer work
23
what is adh
anti diuretic hormone is produced in hypothalamus- promotes aquaporines in collecting duct to reabsorb water
24
what is aldosterone
hormone produced in adrenal cortex causes sodium to be reabsorbed into the body causing increased blood pressure
25
what is ANH
atrial naturetic hormone- produced in atrias- causes sodium to not be absorbed and leaves in the urine- decreses blood pressure
26
functions of skeleton
support- movmemnt, protection, bloodcell production, calcium storage
27
organic and inorganic components of the bones
organic- protien collagen, which knits bone together inorganic- calcium phosphate crystals for the hardness
28
what is osteogenisis imperfecia and rickets
brittle bones- lack of collagen formed- genetic rickets-lack of vitamin d which is needed to absorb the inorganic component
29
bone classification
long bones- movement bones, epiphysis- head softer, metaphysis- neck, diaphysis- shaft- hard bone flat bones- protection short bones- weight bearing
30
types of fractures
simple- contained within skin compound- broken out of skin- can become infected
31
bone marrow
red- axial skeleton produces red blood cells yellow- lipid storage
32
hormonal control of bone density
when blood calcium is high thyroids release calcitonin which make calcium attatch to bones when blood calcium is low PTH stimulates calcium removal from the bones
33
three types of muscles and their features
skeletal- multinucleated, striated, voluantary, create movments cardiac- uni/binucleated, light striation, involuantary, control heart beats smooth- uninucleated, no striation, involuantary, move food and blood and empty the bladder.
34
type of mysium
epimysium- surrounds whole muscles perimysium- surrounds groups of fibres endomysium- surrounds individual fibres
35
what is the composition of 1 sarcomere
z line to z line IAHAI- I is the light band A band is the darkest band H zone is the light band inbetween the A bands A= myosin + actin H myosin I actin
36
how do muscles contract
ca binds to troponin which pull tropomyosin out of the way- atp binds to myosin head to attatch it to actin binding sight atp is hydrolysed and released causing myosin head to flex and move actin filament atp binds again to return it to its natural postition
37
two types of nerve cells and functions
neurones- conduct messages b electrical and chemical messages neuroglia- protect and support nurones and help with neurone growth
38
types of neuroglia
astrocytes- control toxins in the blood - blood brain barrier microglia- macrophages ependymal cells- cells that fill fluid cavities in brain to protect it olygodendrocytes- mylin sheath in cns satilite cells- surround neuron cell bodys and protect them schwann cells mylin sheath in pns
39
what pain is caused by what nerves
chronic- unmylinated sharp- mylinated
40
types of neurones
multipolar- motor bipolar- relay unipolar- sensory
41
parts of the brain
frontal lobe- thoughts temporal lobe- hearing occipital lobe- vision cerebelum- basic movments brocas area - speech prod werenkes area- understanding basal ganglia- movment and emotion hypothalamus- autonomic control epithalamus- sleep wake thalamus- processes info brainstem- primal brain- basic needs
42
what is systolic vs diastolyic blood pressure
syst- blood pressure when the ventricles are contracting diastole- blood pressure when the ventricles are relaxed
43
what is normal blood pressue and measurement
120/80 mmhg
44
what is hypertension, the reading and the types of hypertension and cause
140/90 or higher essential/ primary hypertension- cause unknwn secondary hypertension- caused by another medical condition like kidney disease hypertensive crisis- 180/110 or higher- at risk of stroke preeclampsia- pregnancy and associated with protienurea
45
pathologies associated with hypertension
hypertensive left ventricular hypertophy LVH- heart has to enlarge to pump high pressure blood abdominal aortal anyrism- AAA- palapable puslatile mass can rupture which is fatal damaged area can be replaced berry anurism- happens where cerbral vessel bificates- can lead to haemorage which is fatal hypertensive kidney disease- high blood pressure damages glomerulus hypertensive retinopathy- dots appear on photosensitive layer atherosclerosis- macrophages trap lipid and foam up and harden narrowing the blood vessel more increasing blood pressure
45
hypotension, reading and what it can cause
90/60 or lower, can lead to falls fainting and shock
46
pathologies in hypotension
postural hypotension- standing up too quickly can lead to fainting hypovolamic shock- loss of a fifth of blood caused by a wound, haemmorage, other causes of fluid loss like vomiting.
47
neural control of blood pressure
stretch receptors called baroreceptors in the carrotid and aorta- when blood pressure and stretch fall blood pressure rises vasomotor centre- manages vaso dialation and constriction of blood vessels
47
hormonal control of blood pressure
adh- retains water volume making blood volume more increasing bp atrial naturaitc peptide- opposes adh adrenaline- increases heart rate which increases bp RAAS system- cascade effect which forms aginotenin ii which raises blood pressure
48
what are the 12 cranial nerves and function
olefactory- smell optic- vision oculormotor- eye movement trochlear- eye movement trigeminal- face sensation abducens- eye lid movement facial- face movements vestibularchoclear- hearing and balance glossopharangeal- taste and swallowing vagus- autonimic supply to heart and intestines acessory- muscle innovation in neck hypoglossal- tongue movements
49
composition of spinal nerves (levels in spine)
C8 T12 L5 S5 coccogeal 1
50
what does each region of the spine innovate
c- head neck arms diaphragm t- chest and part of abdomen l- lower back and parts of leg s- buttocks, feet legs, anas + genitals, voluantary bowel and bladder function
51
classification of hormones
steroid hormones non steriod hormones- polypeptide hormones and modified amino acid hormones
52
role of the hypothalamus+ location+ hormones released
base of the brain signals pituitary gland to start/ stop hormone production influences homeostasis like temp, thirst,sleep,hunger Thyrotrophin releasing hormone- triggers TSH release to secrete thyroxin GHR- stumulates growth hormone
53
location + role + hormones of pituitaty
base of brain hormone production that controls other endocrine glands anterior lobe: ACTH- grows adrenal gland FSH- controls menstural cycle LH- controls menstural cycle posterior lobe: ADH- decrese urine volume oxytocin- contraction in birth
54
location + role + hormones of pineal
deep centre of brain controls sleep cycle melatonin- sleep cycle
55
location + role + hormones of thyroid
located in neck Thyroid hormone- regulates metabolism Thyroid hormone- growth and development Calcitonin- calcium deposition (calcium homeostasis)
56
location + role + hormones of parathyroid
4 glands on or near posterior thyroid calcium homeostasis PTH- raises calcium level by removing calcium from bone
57
location + role + hormones of thymus
inbetween lungs behind sternum thymopoietin- supports immune system matures t lymphocytes
58
location + role + hormones of pancreas
posterior to stomach regulates blood sugar levels 5 Cells- alpha cells- glucagon, raises blood glucose levels beta cells- insulin- decreases blood sugar levels delta cells- somatostatin- regulates insulin and glucagon gamma cells- pancreatic polypeptide- causes feeling full epsilon cells- ghrelin- feeling of hunger
59
location + role + hormones of adrenal
above kidneys adrenal cortex (outer) - cortisol- key stress response -aldosterone- reaborbtion of water an sodium adrenal medulla adrenalin + noradrenalin- prepares body for rapid response
60
location + role + hormones of ovaries
either side of uterus oestrogen- develop reproductive organs progesterone- prevents ovulation in pregnancy
61
location + role + hormones of testes
in the scrotum produce sperm testosterone- sexual behavior, stimulates pubic hair, increase metabolism
62
what is boyles law
as volume increase pressure decreases vice versa
63
what is the zone of apposition
where diaphragm makes direct contact with ribs allowing for proper movement and breathing
64
what is forced vital capacity what is fev1
maximum air blown out as hard as possible forced expitory reserve in 1 second
65
respitory disease patterns
obstructive- persistent slowing of airflow- copd or tumor restrictive- expansion of lungs is limited interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and kyphoscoliosis
66
what do obstructive diseases involve
condition inside the lumen like oedema condition in the wall of airways like bronchoconstriction conditions in peribronchal region like a compression from a cyst
67
extra-pulmonary restrictions
skeltal- pectus excavatum, scoliosis neuromuscular- upper or lower motor neuron, peripheral nerve, neuromuscular junction, muscle fibre pleural- pleural effusion other- obesity and pregnancy
68
how to find functional residual capacity
inward lung recoil compared to outwards chest recoil
69
what is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
chronic progressive fibrosing interstitial pneumonia and lungs get stiffer
70
what is copd
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease so lung have to expand more leading to barrel chest
71
peripheral ns composition
sensory fibre mostly as well as motor fibres that send impulses from brain through the spinal cord to muscles
72
what is the sns
somatic nervous system or voluantary nervous system in the peripheral nervous system
73
what is the ans
autonomic nervous system which are involved in reflexes and automatic body functions
74
what is a pre or postganglionic neuron
pre- they connect to cns to transmit message to autonmoic nervous system post- transmit signal from ganglia to target organs
75
what is the sympathetic nervous system
prepares the body to deal with stressful situations- originates at the hypothalamus to the medullal oblongata and to organs and tissues
76
structure of sympathetic division
spinal chord to sypthatetic trunk ganglia to viceral effectors
77
where are the pre ganglionic neurons in sypathetic nervouse sytem
lateral horn of grey matter 12 thoracic segments and first 2 lumbar
78
types of sympathetic ganglia
sympathetic trunk ganglia pre vertabral ganglia- cleliac, superior and inferior messinetric, aortic, renal
79
what does sympathetic ns do
dialtes pupils, vasodialites to muscles, relaxes bladder, increases hr
80
what is the para sympathetic ns
slows down body processes other than digestion- rest and digest
81
what does the parasympathetic ns do
constricts pupils, vasodialation to digwstive system, bladder contracted
82

Osteopathy (3 decks)

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