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Respiratory > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

effects of high altitude

A

low bicarbonate as kidneys excrete BC03 to combat metabolic alkalosis
increased erythropoeitin
increased ventillation –> resp alkalosis

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2
Q

symptoms of AMS an HACE

A

acute mountain sickness - nausea, fatigue, dyspnoea
high altitude cerebral oedema - ataxia, decrease mental status, coma

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3
Q

pathophysiology of carbon monoxide poisoning

A

decreases oxygen delivery to the tissues

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4
Q

pathophysiology of type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

A

reversible bronchoconstriction of vasoactive amines

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5
Q

what type of cells do adenocarcinomas of the lung derive from

A

mucous producing glandular cells

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6
Q

what is responsible for the changes in influenza that make it highly infective

A

viral point mutations as it undergoes genetic drift and shift

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7
Q

acid fast rods in sputum

A

TB

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8
Q

Activates macrophages and induces the release of tumor necrosis factor-α

A

TB

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9
Q

what is the main mechanism behind cardiogenic pulmonary oedema

A

increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

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10
Q

what is the main mechanism behind oedema due to nephrotic syndrome and cirrhosis

A

decreased capillary oncotic pressure

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11
Q

what is the main mechanism behind sepsis induced ARDS

A

neutrophil release of proteases

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12
Q

does total lung capacity increase or decrease in obstructive lung disease

A

TLC increases

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13
Q

mechanism of ebstein barr virus

A

infects b cells from CD 21

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14
Q

what is the mechanism of the monospot test

A

heterophil antibodies detected by agglutination

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15
Q

culture media used for H.influenza

A

chocolate agar

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16
Q

culture media used for N. gonorrhea and n. meningitidis

A

thayer-martin

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17
Q

culture media for bordetella pertusis

A

bordet gengou
(bordet for bordetella)

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18
Q

culture media for diptheria

A

loffler

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19
Q

culture media for mycoplasma pneumonia

A

eaton agar

20
Q

culture media for m.tuberculosis

A

lowenstein-jensen medium, middlebrook medium

21
Q

culture media for fungi

A

sabouraud agar
(sab’s a fun guy)

22
Q

culture media for bordetella, legionella, fransciella

A

charcoal yeast extract buffered with cystine and iron

23
Q

gram stain for legionella

A

silver stain

24
Q

gram stain for pneumocystitis jiroveci pneumonia

A

flourescent antibody stain

25
Q

arteries within the kisselbach plexus

A

kisselbach drives his pLEXUS with his LEGS
Labial artery
anterior/posterio ethmoidal arteries
greater palatine artery
sphenopalatine artery

26
Q

most common location of epistaxis

A

anterior segment
kisselbach plexus (labial artery, anterior/posterior ethmoidal arteries, greater palatine artery, sphenopalatine artery)

27
Q

location of life threatening epistaxis

A

posterior segment
sphenopalatine artery (branch of maxillary artery)

28
Q

virchows triad

A

stasis (post op, long haul flight)
hypercoaguability (COCP, pregnancy, cancer, factor V leiden)
endothelial damage (exposed collagen triggers clotting cascade)

29
Q

how does PE affect V/Q

A

V/Q mismatch as the alveoli are ventillated but not perfused

30
Q

what type of shock would a large PE cause

A

obstructive shock
(thrombus causes large RV, prevents filling of LV)

31
Q

what are lines of Zahn on histology

A

interdigiting areas of pink (fibrin/platelets) and red (RBC) found in thrombi formed before death
(PE)

32
Q

FEV1 and FVC in obstructive vs restrictive lung disease

A

obstructive - FEV1 decreased more then FVC
restrictive - FEV1 and FVC proportionately decreased

33
Q

Respiratory volume (RV) change in restrictive and obstructive lung disease

A

obstructive - RV increased
restrictive - RV decreased

34
Q

flow volume loop change in obstructive and restrictive lung disease

A

obstructive - shifts to the left
restrictive - shifts to the right

35
Q

metasplasia associated with COPD

A

COPD leads to metaplasia of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium into stratified squamous epithelium

36
Q

centriacinar and pancacinar emphysema - difference in aetiologies ?

A

centriacinar (spares distal alveoli) –> smoking

panacinar (affects respiratory bronchioles and alveoli) –> alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency

37
Q

histological feature found in asthma

A

curschmann spirals
(shed epithelium form whorled mucous plugs)

charcot-leyden crystals (eosinophillic, hexagonal, double pointed crystals formed from breakdown of eosinophilsin sputum)

38
Q

histological feature found in mesothelioma

A

psammoma bodies

39
Q

what part of the lung does asbestos affect

A

base (lower lobes)

40
Q

what part of the lung does silica, coal and berillium affect

A

apex (upper lobes)

41
Q

what stain is used to visualise asbetos

A

Prussian blue stain

42
Q

describe how asbestos looks on histology

A

asbestos bodies are golden-brown fusiform rods resembling dumbbells

43
Q

lights criteria for exudate pleural effusion

A

pleural fluid/serum protein > 0.5
pleural fluid/serum LDH > 0.6
pleural fluid LDH > 2/3 upper limit normal serum LDH

44
Q

exudate vs transudate

A

exudate - cloudy fluid due to infection/malignancy
transfudate - clear fluid due to increased hydrostatic pressure (Na retension, HF) or decreased oncotic pressure (nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis)

45
Q

air fluid levels in right lung - what does this indicate

A

lung abscess

Respiratory (15 decks)

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