Pathology Flashcards
pathology of acute respiratory distress syndrome
increased permeability of alveolar capillaries leading to extracellular fluid accumulation in the alveoli
neutrophil chaemotaxis and sloughing of alveolar endothelium
ARDS
how is alpha-1-antitrypsin inherited?
autosomal recessive, co-dominant
chromosome 14
pathophysiology of alpha-1-anti trypsin
lack of inhibition of trypsin which results in neutrophil elastase overactivity
(alpha-1-antitrypsin inhibits trypsin which is an enzyme that inhibits neutrophil elastase. neutrophil elastase breaks down proteins in the interstitium).
patients with alpha-1-antitrypsin mutation, which allele will most likely inherit the condition?
PiZZ
action of pseudomonas
produces exotoxin A which ADP ribosylates and inhibits ribosomal elongation factor 2 shutting down protein synthesis
action of strep pneumoniae
produces IgA proteases which inactivates mucosal antibodies
a positive mantoux test represents what type of hypersensitivity reaction?
type IV HSR
α-Hemolytic, bile soluble, and optochin sensitive
strep pneumoniae
embryological pathology of diaphragmatic hernia
Failure of the pleuroperitoneal canal to close
what type of HSR is asthma
type 1 HSR
pathophysiology of ARDS
damaged alveola capillaries
increased pulmonary vascular resistance
bordetella pertusis can be grown on what agar
bordet-gengou or regan-lowe
h.influenza can be grown on what agar
Chocolate agar supplemented with factors X and V
features of methoglobinaemia
dyspnoea and cyanosis
normal ABG
chocolate coloured blood
caused by use of nitrates or topical anaesthetics i.e. benzocaine
what type of antiboitic works the following way;
23S rRNA of the prokaryotic 50S ribosome
macroclides
multiple opportunistic infections, lacking thymus gland and reduced number of B and T cells
SCID
pathophysiology of SCID
adenosine deaminase deficiency required for purine ncleotide breakdown
causative organism for scarlet fever
group A strep i.e. strep pyogens
causative organism for pneumonia with hyponatraemia and GI symptoms
legionella (aerobic bacillus)
what agar does legionella grow on
Charcoal yeast extract agar
where would you find a pancoast tumour
adenocarcinoma of apex of the lung on the ipsilateral side of horners symptoms
mechanism of anaemia in mycoplasma pneumonia
cross-reactive IgM antibodies that agglutinate at decreased temperatures and activate the complement system, leading to hemolysis and resultant anemia.
in what direction does mechanical ventillation shift oxygen dissociation curve
to the left - reduces oxygen release from haemoglobin
