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Respiratory > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

pathology of acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

increased permeability of alveolar capillaries leading to extracellular fluid accumulation in the alveoli

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2
Q

neutrophil chaemotaxis and sloughing of alveolar endothelium

A

ARDS

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3
Q

how is alpha-1-antitrypsin inherited?

A

autosomal recessive, co-dominant
chromosome 14

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4
Q

pathophysiology of alpha-1-anti trypsin

A

lack of inhibition of trypsin which results in neutrophil elastase overactivity
(alpha-1-antitrypsin inhibits trypsin which is an enzyme that inhibits neutrophil elastase. neutrophil elastase breaks down proteins in the interstitium).

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5
Q

patients with alpha-1-antitrypsin mutation, which allele will most likely inherit the condition?

A

PiZZ

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6
Q

action of pseudomonas

A

produces exotoxin A which ADP ribosylates and inhibits ribosomal elongation factor 2 shutting down protein synthesis

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7
Q

action of strep pneumoniae

A

produces IgA proteases which inactivates mucosal antibodies

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8
Q

a positive mantoux test represents what type of hypersensitivity reaction?

A

type IV HSR

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9
Q

α-Hemolytic, bile soluble, and optochin sensitive

A

strep pneumoniae

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9
Q

embryological pathology of diaphragmatic hernia

A

Failure of the pleuroperitoneal canal to close

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9
Q

what type of HSR is asthma

A

type 1 HSR

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10
Q

pathophysiology of ARDS

A

damaged alveola capillaries
increased pulmonary vascular resistance

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11
Q

bordetella pertusis can be grown on what agar

A

bordet-gengou or regan-lowe

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12
Q

h.influenza can be grown on what agar

A

Chocolate agar supplemented with factors X and V

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13
Q

features of methoglobinaemia

A

dyspnoea and cyanosis
normal ABG
chocolate coloured blood
caused by use of nitrates or topical anaesthetics i.e. benzocaine

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14
Q

what type of antiboitic works the following way;
23S rRNA of the prokaryotic 50S ribosome

A

macroclides

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15
Q

multiple opportunistic infections, lacking thymus gland and reduced number of B and T cells

A

SCID

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16
Q

pathophysiology of SCID

A

adenosine deaminase deficiency required for purine ncleotide breakdown

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17
Q

causative organism for scarlet fever

A

group A strep i.e. strep pyogens

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18
Q

causative organism for pneumonia with hyponatraemia and GI symptoms

A

legionella (aerobic bacillus)

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19
Q

what agar does legionella grow on

A

Charcoal yeast extract agar

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20
Q

where would you find a pancoast tumour

A

adenocarcinoma of apex of the lung on the ipsilateral side of horners symptoms

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21
Q

mechanism of anaemia in mycoplasma pneumonia

A

cross-reactive IgM antibodies that agglutinate at decreased temperatures and activate the complement system, leading to hemolysis and resultant anemia.

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22
Q

in what direction does mechanical ventillation shift oxygen dissociation curve

A

to the left - reduces oxygen release from haemoglobin

23
Q

Mining occupation, upper zone fibrosis, egg-shell calcification of hilar node

A

silicosis

24
Q

medication that can be used for vaccination and treatment of influenza

A

neuraminidase inhibitors i.e. oseltemavir

25
Q

mechanism of action of neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltemavir)

A

prevents release of viral progeny from infected cells

26
Q

pathophysiology of bronchiolitis

A

surface fusion proteins F and G. Surface protein F causes nearby cells to merge.

27
Q

how does isoniazid cause peripheral neuropathy

A

pyridoxine deficiency

28
Q

what stain is used in identifying TB

A

ziehl-neelson stain

29
Q

WHEN MAY CROMOLYN SODIUM BE ADDED FOR ASTHMA TREATMENT

A

2nd line after SABA

30
Q

structure of the microbe bordetella pertusis

A

Single-stranded, negative-sense, linear, nonsegmented

31
Q

mechanism of pyrexia

A

caused by endogenous pyrogens including IL-1, IL-6, interferon and TNF which act on the anterior hypothalamus

32
Q

enveloped, segmented, negative sense, single stranded RNA

A

influenza

33
Q

enveloped, double stranded DNA

A

CMV, VZV, HPV, EBV

34
Q

non-enveloped, segmented, double stranded RNA

A

rotavirus

35
Q

enveloped, non-segmented, single stranded, positive sense RNA with a helical capsid

A

coronavirus

36
Q

non-enveloped, non-segmented, positive sense, single stranded RNA

A

rhinovirus

37
Q

single stranded, negative sense, non-segmented RNA

A

RSV

38
Q

‘egg shell’ calcifications on CXR

A

sillicosis

39
Q

sillicosis - restrictive or obstructive

A

restrictive

40
Q

what respiratory cell type does coronavirus target

A

type 2 pneumocytes
enters host cell by interacting with ACE (an interfron-induced gene expression on type 2 pneumocytes)

41
Q

what virus is associated with nasopharyngeal cancer

A

EBV (EBV-4)

42
Q

whats the strongest risk factor for laryngeal cancer

A

smoking

43
Q

complication associated with aspiration pneumonia

A

lung abscess

44
Q

what HPV virus is a risk factor for oropharyngeal cancers

A

HPV 16

45
Q

what is laryngeal papillomatosis

A

benign laryngeal tumour
commonly affecting stratified squamous epithelium such as true vocal cord
found in children (HPV transmitted from mother to child)

46
Q

treatment for PE if anticoagulation contraindicated

A

IVC filter

47
Q

pathophysiology/aetiology of air emboli

A

nitrogen bubbles precipitate in ascending divers
or can be secondary to procedures such as central line insertion

48
Q

mediastinal masses in anterior compartment

A

thyroid
thymis neoplasm
teratoma
terrible lymphoma

49
Q

mediastinal masses in middle compartment

A

metastasis
hiatus hernia
bronchogenic cysts

50
Q

mediastinal masses in posterior compartment

A

oesophageal neoplasm
neurogenic tumour

51
Q

causative organism of chronic medisatinitis

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

52
Q

what would crepitus on cardiac auscultation indicate

A

Hamman sign = pneummediastinum
due to rupture of pulmonary bleb or secondary to trauma, iatrogenic or boerhaves syndrome

53
Q

restrictive lung disease with multiple oval opacities found on imaging

A

coal workers pneumoconiosis

54
Q

restrictive lung disease with non-caseating granulomas

A

berylliosis

55
Q

restrictive lung disease with increased susceptibility to TB

A

sillicosis

56
Q
A

Respiratory (15 decks)

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