Pathology Flashcards
pathology of acute respiratory distress syndrome
increased permeability of alveolar capillaries leading to extracellular fluid accumulation in the alveoli
neutrophil chaemotaxis and sloughing of alveolar endothelium
ARDS
how is alpha-1-antitrypsin inherited?
autosomal recessive, co-dominant
chromosome 14
pathophysiology of alpha-1-anti trypsin
lack of inhibition of trypsin which results in neutrophil elastase overactivity
(alpha-1-antitrypsin inhibits trypsin which is an enzyme that inhibits neutrophil elastase. neutrophil elastase breaks down proteins in the interstitium).
patients with alpha-1-antitrypsin mutation, which allele will most likely inherit the condition?
PiZZ
action of pseudomonas
produces exotoxin A which ADP ribosylates and inhibits ribosomal elongation factor 2 shutting down protein synthesis
action of strep pneumoniae
produces IgA proteases which inactivates mucosal antibodies
a positive mantoux test represents what type of hypersensitivity reaction?
type IV HSR
α-Hemolytic, bile soluble, and optochin sensitive
strep pneumoniae
embryological pathology of diaphragmatic hernia
Failure of the pleuroperitoneal canal to close
what type of HSR is asthma
type 1 HSR
pathophysiology of ARDS
damaged alveola capillaries
increased pulmonary vascular resistance
bordetella pertusis can be grown on what agar
bordet-gengou or regan-lowe
h.influenza can be grown on what agar
Chocolate agar supplemented with factors X and V
features of methoglobinaemia
dyspnoea and cyanosis
normal ABG
chocolate coloured blood
caused by use of nitrates or topical anaesthetics i.e. benzocaine
what type of antiboitic works the following way;
23S rRNA of the prokaryotic 50S ribosome
macroclides
multiple opportunistic infections, lacking thymus gland and reduced number of B and T cells
SCID
pathophysiology of SCID
adenosine deaminase deficiency required for purine ncleotide breakdown
causative organism for scarlet fever
group A strep i.e. strep pyogens
causative organism for pneumonia with hyponatraemia and GI symptoms
legionella (aerobic bacillus)
what agar does legionella grow on
Charcoal yeast extract agar
where would you find a pancoast tumour
adenocarcinoma of apex of the lung on the ipsilateral side of horners symptoms
mechanism of anaemia in mycoplasma pneumonia
cross-reactive IgM antibodies that agglutinate at decreased temperatures and activate the complement system, leading to hemolysis and resultant anemia.
in what direction does mechanical ventillation shift oxygen dissociation curve
to the left - reduces oxygen release from haemoglobin
Mining occupation, upper zone fibrosis, egg-shell calcification of hilar node
silicosis
medication that can be used for vaccination and treatment of influenza
neuraminidase inhibitors i.e. oseltemavir
mechanism of action of neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltemavir)
prevents release of viral progeny from infected cells
pathophysiology of bronchiolitis
surface fusion proteins F and G. Surface protein F causes nearby cells to merge.
how does isoniazid cause peripheral neuropathy
pyridoxine deficiency
what stain is used in identifying TB
ziehl-neelson stain
WHEN MAY CROMOLYN SODIUM BE ADDED FOR ASTHMA TREATMENT
2nd line after SABA
structure of the microbe bordetella pertusis
Single-stranded, negative-sense, linear, nonsegmented
mechanism of pyrexia
caused by endogenous pyrogens including IL-1, IL-6, interferon and TNF which act on the anterior hypothalamus
enveloped, segmented, negative sense, single stranded RNA
influenza
enveloped, double stranded DNA
CMV, VZV, HPV, EBV
non-enveloped, segmented, double stranded RNA
rotavirus
enveloped, non-segmented, single stranded, positive sense RNA with a helical capsid
coronavirus
non-enveloped, non-segmented, positive sense, single stranded RNA
rhinovirus
single stranded, negative sense, non-segmented RNA
RSV
‘egg shell’ calcifications on CXR
sillicosis
sillicosis - restrictive or obstructive
restrictive
what respiratory cell type does coronavirus target
type 2 pneumocytes
enters host cell by interacting with ACE (an interfron-induced gene expression on type 2 pneumocytes)
what virus is associated with nasopharyngeal cancer
EBV (EBV-4)
whats the strongest risk factor for laryngeal cancer
smoking
complication associated with aspiration pneumonia
lung abscess
what HPV virus is a risk factor for oropharyngeal cancers
HPV 16
what is laryngeal papillomatosis
benign laryngeal tumour
commonly affecting stratified squamous epithelium such as true vocal cord
found in children (HPV transmitted from mother to child)
treatment for PE if anticoagulation contraindicated
IVC filter
pathophysiology/aetiology of air emboli
nitrogen bubbles precipitate in ascending divers
or can be secondary to procedures such as central line insertion
mediastinal masses in anterior compartment
thyroid
thymis neoplasm
teratoma
terrible lymphoma
mediastinal masses in middle compartment
metastasis
hiatus hernia
bronchogenic cysts
mediastinal masses in posterior compartment
oesophageal neoplasm
neurogenic tumour
causative organism of chronic medisatinitis
Histoplasma capsulatum
what would crepitus on cardiac auscultation indicate
Hamman sign = pneummediastinum
due to rupture of pulmonary bleb or secondary to trauma, iatrogenic or boerhaves syndrome
restrictive lung disease with multiple oval opacities found on imaging
coal workers pneumoconiosis
restrictive lung disease with non-caseating granulomas
berylliosis
restrictive lung disease with increased susceptibility to TB
sillicosis
ferrungous bodies on histology
mesothelioma
construction worker, dry cough, dyspnoea, calcification of hilar nodes
silicosis
