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Respiratory > Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

associated with pulmonary hypoplasia

A

congenital diaphragmatic hernia
bilateral renal agenesis (potters sequence)

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2
Q

abnormal budding of the foregut and dilattaion of terminal or large bronchi

A

bronchogenic cysts

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3
Q

xray feature of bronchogenic cysts

A

discrete round, sharply defined fluid filled densities on CXR

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4
Q

what type of cells are type I pneumocytes

A

squamous

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5
Q

what type of cells are type II pneumocytes

A

cuboidal and cluster

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6
Q

consequences of giving supplemental oxygen for treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

A

(RIB)
retinopathy of prematurity
intraventricular haemorrhage
bronchopulmonary displasia

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7
Q

what lung is the lingula present on

A

left

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8
Q

how many lobes does right and left lungs have

A

right 2
left 3

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9
Q

relation of the left and right bronchi to the pulmonary artery

A

right bronchus - anterior
left bronchus - superior
(RALS)

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10
Q

referred pain from diaphragm to trapezium ridge is due to irritation of what nerve

A

C3-C5

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11
Q

referred pain from diaphragm to shoulder edge is due to irritation of what nerve

A

C5

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12
Q

vertebral level at which common carotid bifurcates

A

C4

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13
Q

vertebral level at which trachea bifurcates

A

T4

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14
Q

vertebral level at which abdominal aorta bifurcates

A

L4

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15
Q

air that moves into lung with each quiet inspiration

A

tidal volume

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16
Q

air that can still be breathed in after normal inspiration

A

inspiratory reserve volume

17
Q

air that can still be breathed out after normal expiration

A

expiratory reserve volume

18
Q

air in lung after maximal expiration

A

residual volume

19
Q

air that can be breathed in after normal exhaltion

A

inspiratory capacity

20
Q

volume of gas in lungs after normal expiration

A

functional residual capacity

21
Q

maximum volume of gas that can be expired after a maximal inspiration

A

vital capacity

22
Q

volume of gas present in lungs after a maximal inspiration

A

total lung capacity

23
Q

carbon diozide is transported from tissues to lungs in which 3 forms

A

HC03
carbaminohaemoglobin (HbC02)
dissolved c02

(majority is transported as HC03 in the plasma)

24
Q

what type of protein is haemoglobin

A

allosteric protein
composed of 4 polypeptide sub units (2alpha + 2beta)

25
Q

what is Sa02

A

percent saturation of arterial blood with 02

26
Q

what causes a right shift in oxygen dissociative curve

A

when there is an increase in 02 requirements of the tissues (decreased Hb affinity for 02 as it has to be unloaded)
(LEFT SHIFT IS LOWER o2 requirement)
- increased temperature
- increased exercise
- reduced PH
- hypoxia
- increased H + C02

27
Q

what causes a left shift in oxygen dissociative curve

A

when there is a decrease in oxygen unloading in tissues - increased Hb affinity for 02
- decreased temp
- pregnancy
- increased c02
- increased MetHb
- genetic mutation (2,3 - BPG)

28
Q

treatment for methemoglobinaemia

A

methylene blue and vitamin C

29
Q

what is methemoglobinaemia

A

when the concentration of Fe3 (oxidised form - ferric) is greater than 1-2%. has a higher affinity for cyanide and lower affinity for oxygen.
presents with cyanosis and chocolate coloured blood.
doesnt reposnd to supplemental oxygen.

30
Q

causes of methemoglobinaemia

A

dapsone, local anaesthetics (e.g. benzocaine), nitrites

31
Q

mechanism by which cyanide and carbon monoxcide posioning cause hypoxia

A

inhibition of complex IV of ETC (cytochrome c oxidase)
doesnt fully correct with supplemental 02

32
Q

treatment for cyanide poisoning

A

decontamination (e.g. remove clothing)
hydroxycobalamin
nitrites
sodium thiosulphate

33
Q

treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning

A

100% 02
hyperbaric oxygen

34
Q

feature of carbon monoxide poisoning on MRI

A

bilateral globus pallidus lesions

35
Q

Pa02 levels in carbon monoxide and cyanide poisoning

A

both normal

36
Q

shift in oxygen dissociative curve in C0 and cyanide poisoning

A

cyanide - normal curve (ample 02 supply just cant be used due to ineffective oxidative phosphorylation)

C0 - left shift as C0 has increased affinity for 02 so decreased unloading in tissues

37
Q
A

Respiratory (15 decks)

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