Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
associated with pulmonary hypoplasia
congenital diaphragmatic hernia
bilateral renal agenesis (potters sequence)
abnormal budding of the foregut and dilattaion of terminal or large bronchi
bronchogenic cysts
xray feature of bronchogenic cysts
discrete round, sharply defined fluid filled densities on CXR
what type of cells are type I pneumocytes
squamous
what type of cells are type II pneumocytes
cuboidal and cluster
consequences of giving supplemental oxygen for treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
(RIB)
retinopathy of prematurity
intraventricular haemorrhage
bronchopulmonary displasia
what lung is the lingula present on
left
how many lobes does right and left lungs have
right 2
left 3
relation of the left and right bronchi to the pulmonary artery
right bronchus - anterior
left bronchus - superior
(RALS)
referred pain from diaphragm to trapezium ridge is due to irritation of what nerve
C3-C5
referred pain from diaphragm to shoulder edge is due to irritation of what nerve
C5
vertebral level at which common carotid bifurcates
C4
vertebral level at which trachea bifurcates
T4
vertebral level at which abdominal aorta bifurcates
L4
air that moves into lung with each quiet inspiration
tidal volume
air that can still be breathed in after normal inspiration
inspiratory reserve volume
air that can still be breathed out after normal expiration
expiratory reserve volume
air in lung after maximal expiration
residual volume
air that can be breathed in after normal exhaltion
inspiratory capacity
volume of gas in lungs after normal expiration
functional residual capacity
maximum volume of gas that can be expired after a maximal inspiration
vital capacity
volume of gas present in lungs after a maximal inspiration
total lung capacity
carbon diozide is transported from tissues to lungs in which 3 forms
HC03
carbaminohaemoglobin (HbC02)
dissolved c02
(majority is transported as HC03 in the plasma)
what type of protein is haemoglobin
allosteric protein
composed of 4 polypeptide sub units (2alpha + 2beta)
what is Sa02
percent saturation of arterial blood with 02
what causes a right shift in oxygen dissociative curve
when there is an increase in 02 requirements of the tissues (decreased Hb affinity for 02 as it has to be unloaded)
(LEFT SHIFT IS LOWER o2 requirement)
- increased temperature
- increased exercise
- reduced PH
- hypoxia
- increased H + C02
what causes a left shift in oxygen dissociative curve
when there is a decrease in oxygen unloading in tissues - increased Hb affinity for 02
- decreased temp
- pregnancy
- increased c02
- increased MetHb
- genetic mutation (2,3 - BPG)
treatment for methemoglobinaemia
methylene blue and vitamin C
what is methemoglobinaemia
when the concentration of Fe3 (oxidised form - ferric) is greater than 1-2%. has a higher affinity for cyanide and lower affinity for oxygen.
presents with cyanosis and chocolate coloured blood.
doesnt reposnd to supplemental oxygen.
causes of methemoglobinaemia
dapsone, local anaesthetics (e.g. benzocaine), nitrites
mechanism by which cyanide and carbon monoxcide posioning cause hypoxia
inhibition of complex IV of ETC (cytochrome c oxidase)
doesnt fully correct with supplemental 02
treatment for cyanide poisoning
decontamination (e.g. remove clothing)
hydroxycobalamin
nitrites
sodium thiosulphate
treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning
100% 02
hyperbaric oxygen
feature of carbon monoxide poisoning on MRI
bilateral globus pallidus lesions
Pa02 levels in carbon monoxide and cyanide poisoning
both normal
shift in oxygen dissociative curve in C0 and cyanide poisoning
cyanide - normal curve (ample 02 supply just cant be used due to ineffective oxidative phosphorylation)
C0 - left shift as C0 has increased affinity for 02 so decreased unloading in tissues
