Anatomy & Physiology

Question 1

associated with pulmonary hypoplasia

Answer 1

congenital diaphragmatic hernia
bilateral renal agenesis (potters sequence)

Question 2

abnormal budding of the foregut and dilattaion of terminal or large bronchi

Answer 2

bronchogenic cysts

Question 3

xray feature of bronchogenic cysts

Answer 3

discrete round, sharply defined fluid filled densities on CXR

Question 4

what type of cells are type I pneumocytes

Answer 4

squamous

Question 5

what type of cells are type II pneumocytes

Answer 5

cuboidal and cluster

Question 6

consequences of giving supplemental oxygen for treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 6

(RIB)
retinopathy of prematurity
intraventricular haemorrhage
bronchopulmonary displasia

Question 7

what lung is the lingula present on

Answer 7

left

Question 8

how many lobes does right and left lungs have

Answer 8

right 2
left 3

Question 9

relation of the left and right bronchi to the pulmonary artery

Answer 9

right bronchus - anterior
left bronchus - superior
(RALS)

Question 10

referred pain from diaphragm to trapezium ridge is due to irritation of what nerve

Answer 10

C3-C5

Question 11

referred pain from diaphragm to shoulder edge is due to irritation of what nerve

Answer 11

C5

Question 12

vertebral level at which common carotid bifurcates

Answer 12

C4

Question 13

vertebral level at which trachea bifurcates

Answer 13

T4

Question 14

vertebral level at which abdominal aorta bifurcates

Answer 14

L4

Question 15

air that moves into lung with each quiet inspiration

Answer 15

tidal volume

Question 16

air that can still be breathed in after normal inspiration

Answer 16

inspiratory reserve volume

Question 17

air that can still be breathed out after normal expiration

Answer 17

expiratory reserve volume

Question 18

air in lung after maximal expiration

Answer 18

residual volume

Question 19

air that can be breathed in after normal exhaltion

Answer 19

inspiratory capacity

Question 20

volume of gas in lungs after normal expiration

Answer 20

functional residual capacity

Question 21

maximum volume of gas that can be expired after a maximal inspiration

Answer 21

vital capacity

Question 22

volume of gas present in lungs after a maximal inspiration

Answer 22

total lung capacity

Question 23

carbon diozide is transported from tissues to lungs in which 3 forms

Answer 23

HC03
carbaminohaemoglobin (HbC02)
dissolved c02

(majority is transported as HC03 in the plasma)

Question 24

what type of protein is haemoglobin

Answer 24

allosteric protein
composed of 4 polypeptide sub units (2alpha + 2beta)

Question 25

what is Sa02

Answer 25

percent saturation of arterial blood with 02

Question 26

what causes a right shift in oxygen dissociative curve

Answer 26

when there is an increase in 02 requirements of the tissues (decreased Hb affinity for 02 as it has to be unloaded) (LEFT SHIFT IS LOWER o2 requirement) - increased temperature - increased exercise - reduced PH - hypoxia - increased H + C02

Question 27

what causes a left shift in oxygen dissociative curve

Answer 27

when there is a decrease in oxygen unloading in tissues - increased Hb affinity for 02 - decreased temp - pregnancy - increased c02 - increased MetHb - genetic mutation (2,3 - BPG)

Question 28

treatment for methemoglobinaemia

Answer 28

methylene blue and vitamin C

Question 29

what is methemoglobinaemia

Answer 29

when the concentration of Fe3 (oxidised form - ferric) is greater than 1-2%. has a higher affinity for cyanide and lower affinity for oxygen. presents with cyanosis and chocolate coloured blood. doesnt reposnd to supplemental oxygen.

Question 30

causes of methemoglobinaemia

Answer 30

dapsone, local anaesthetics (e.g. benzocaine), nitrites

Question 31

mechanism by which cyanide and carbon monoxcide posioning cause hypoxia

Answer 31

inhibition of complex IV of ETC (cytochrome c oxidase) doesnt fully correct with supplemental 02

Question 32

treatment for cyanide poisoning

Answer 32

decontamination (e.g. remove clothing) hydroxycobalamin nitrites sodium thiosulphate

Question 33

treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning

Answer 33

100% 02 hyperbaric oxygen

Question 34

feature of carbon monoxide poisoning on MRI

Answer 34

bilateral globus pallidus lesions

Question 35

Pa02 levels in carbon monoxide and cyanide poisoning

Answer 35

both normal

Question 36

shift in oxygen dissociative curve in C0 and cyanide poisoning

Answer 36

cyanide - normal curve (ample 02 supply just cant be used due to ineffective oxidative phosphorylation) C0 - left shift as C0 has increased affinity for 02 so decreased unloading in tissues