Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Limbs and Spine > Physiology. > Flashcards

Physiology. Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two systems of the somatic nervous system?

A

Motor and sensory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the submucous plexus?

A

Sensory neurons that detect changes in chemical environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the myenteric plexus?

A

Motor/motility of GIT.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is noradrenaline?

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter of postganglionic sympathetic neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is acetylcholine?

A

The excitatory neurotransmitter of postganglionic sudomotor (has to do with sweat glands) neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What tissues are co-innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic?

A

Heart.
GIT.
Cranial vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What tissues are only sympathetic?

A

Skin and vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some sympathetic system features?

A

Increase heart rate.
Increase the force of contraction.
Vasoconstriction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some parasympathetic system features?

A

Decrease heart rate.
Vasodilation.
Pupillary constriction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some sympathetic system hormones?

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the parasympathetic system hormone?

A

Acetylcholine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Epinephrine/Adrenaline acts on which type of receptors?

A

Alpha 1 - Vasoconstriction.
Beta 1 Positive Effect.
Beta 2 Vasodilation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Norepinephrine acts on which type of receptors?

A

Only on Alpha 1 and Beta 1.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When is the vasoconstrictive drive increased?

A

In Heart failure, essential hypertension, metabolic syndrome and COPD.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is sympathectomy?

A

Removal of sympathetic ganglia at T2-T4 - results in palmar hyperhidrosis (interrupts sympathetic outflow).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Acetylcholine is the excitatory neurotransmitter at which synapses?

A

Nicotinic and muscarinic synapses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do postganglionic sympathetic neurons release?

A

Noradrenaline (adrenergic receptors).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release?

A

Acetylcholine (muscarinic receptors).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do neurons generate?

A

A negative potential called the resting membrane potential.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is the action potential propagated?

A

It is propagated along the length of the axon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Electrical signals arise from what?

A

Ion fluxes - when a cell membrane is being selectively permeable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is an All-or-none response?

A

The strength of the stimulus does not matter. If above threshold, nerve/fibre will fire.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do we know about fibre diameter?

A

The greater the diameter, the faster the AP spreads.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do we know about myelination?

A

Myelinated nerves conduct faster.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are some features of myelin?

A

Less leakage.
Less Na.
Saltatory conduction at nodes of ranvier.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

Autoimmune disease.
Damaged myelin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the different types of synapses?

A

Chemical.
Electrical.

29
Q

What happens when the action potential reaches the axon terminal?

A

Voltage-gated Ca channels open.

30
Q

What triggers the fusion of synaptic vesicles to presynaptic membrane?

A

Influx of Ca.

31
Q

What is Glutamate?

A

An excitatory neurotransmitter, which cause opening of Na channels.

32
Q

What causes depolarisation of postsynaptic neuron?

A

Influx of Na.

33
Q

What is gamma-aminobutyric acid?

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter, causes opening of Cl channels.

34
Q

What causes hyperpolarisation of postsynaptic neuron?

A

Influx of Cl.

35
Q

What do excitatory postsynaptic potential lead to?

A

Decrease in membrane potential - AP is generated in postsynaptic neuron.

36
Q

What do inhibitory postsynaptic potentials lead to?

A

Pushes membrane potential further away from firing threshold.

37
Q

What are the two types of adrenergic receptors?

A

Alpha and Beta.

38
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for the formation of acetylcholine?

A

Choline acetyltransferase.

39
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of acetylcholine?

A

Acetylcholinesterase.

40
Q

What if the enzyme acetylcholinesterase was inhibited?

A

There will be a buildup/increase of acetylcholine.

41
Q

What is glutamate used for?

A

Blockage of glutamate receptors have a protective role for tissues at risk in acute stroke and in brain injury.

42
Q

What is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

GABA.

43
Q

What is myasthenia gravis?

A

Affects NMJ.
Antibodies against acetylcholine receptors.

44
Q

What are the symptoms of myasthenia gravis?

A

Tiredness by end of day.
Eye drooping.
Muscle fatigue.

45
Q

What is the treatment for myasthenia gravis?

A

Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase.

46
Q

Which types of muscles are striated?

A

Skeletal and Cardiac.

47
Q

Which type of muscle is unstriated?

A

Smooth.

48
Q

What do cardiac muscle act as?

A

Functional syncytium.

49
Q

What are the components of muscle?

A

Sarcolemma.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum.

50
Q

What is thick filaments?

A

Myosin.

51
Q

What are the thin filaments?

A

Actin, troponin, and tropomyosin.

52
Q

What is actin?

A

Contains myosin binding sites.

53
Q

What is tropomyosin?

A

Covers myosin-actin binding sites.

54
Q

What is troponin?

A

Troponin T.
Troponin C.
Troponin I.

55
Q

What is troponin T?

A

Attaches troponin to tropomyosin.

56
Q

What is troponin C?

A

Ca binding protein - plays a role in contraction.

57
Q

What is troponin I?

A

Inhibits interaction between myosin and actin.

58
Q

Which biomarker is most sensitive for myocardial infarction?

A

Troponin I.
CK-MB.

59
Q

What is rigor mortis?

A

Muscular stiffening and rigidity caused by lack of ATP (death).

60
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

GIT, bladder, uterus etc.

61
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle?

A

Produce motility and maintain tension.

62
Q

Name a excitatory and inhibitory substance?

A

Glutamate and GABA.

63
Q

Name two affects of increased sympathetic activity?

A

Increased Heart rate and pupillary dilation.

64
Q

Name two affects of parasympathetic activity?

A

Decreased heart rate and pupillary constriction..

65
Q

How does acetylcholine act on the GIT?

A

Increase motility.

66
Q

What is the law called, when there is stimulation, there is gonna be AP?

A

All-or-none response.

67
Q

What happens if there is no myelin?

A

Slower action potential.

68
Q

What does Alpha-1 do?

A

Vasoconstriction in blood vessels.

69
Q

What does Beta-2 do?

A

Vasodilation in blood vessels

Limbs and Spine (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions