Anatomy. Flashcards
What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?
Superiorly: Inguinal ligament.
Medially: Later part of Adductor longus.
Laterally: Medial part of Sartorius.
What is the function and innervation of pectineus?
Flexes and Adducts at hip joint.
Femoral Nerve.
What is the function and innervation of Iliopsoas?
Major flexor of the hip joint.
Femoral Nerve
What is the function and innervation of sartorius?
Flexes the hip and knee joints and rotates thigh laterally.
Femoral Nerve.
What are the contents of the femoral triangle?
Femoral n. Femoral a. Femoral v. and Femoral canal.
What are the contents of the femoral sheath?
Femoral a. Femoral v. and Femoral canal.
How does the femoral artery end?
It ends at back of knee, as it become popliteal artery.
What drains into femoral vein?
Great saphenous Vein.
How would you locate femoral artery?
Below inguinal ligament, between pubic symphysis and ASIS.
What are the symptoms of a hernia?
Constipation, vomiting and lump below inguinal ligament.
Where would we find the Great Saphenous vein?
Anterior to medial maleolus.
Where would we find the Small Saphenous vein?
Posterior to lateral maleolus.
What happens if valves are incompetent in lower limb?
Varicose Veins.
What are the borders of the femoral canal?
Anterior - Inguinal Lig.
Posterior - Pectineal Lig.
Medially - Lacunar Lig.
Laterally - Femoral Vein.
What are the contents of the femoral canal?
Lymphatics and empty space.
Which artery gives off the femoral circumflex arteries?
Profunda Femoris Artery.
What does the popliteal artery give off?
Posterior Tibial artery and Fibular artery.
Which arteries supply the foot?
Dorsalis pedis and Posterior tibial artery.
Posterior tibial artery splits into what?
Medial and lateral plantar arteries.
Where is the posterior tibial artery palpated?
Posterior to medial malleolus.
The anterior tibial, posterior tibial and fibular veins unite to form which vein?
Popliteal vein.
When popliteal vein enters the thigh which vein does it become?
Femoral vein
The gluteal region is drained by which veins?
Superior and inferior gluteal veins.
What does the small saphenous vein empty into?
Popliteal vein.
What is the opening inside deep fascia called?
Saphenous Opening.
What are the characteristics of fascia lata?
Deep, strong, thick, inelastic and encloses lower limb like a stocking.
If there is bleeding in lower limb and increased pressure what would happen?
Compartment syndrome.
What is the iliotibial tract?
Thickening of fascia lata laterally. Tensor fascia lata is attached. It is important for stability of knee.
Where do the superficial inguinal lymph nodes drain?
Anything under the umbilicus except for testes.
What are the muscles of the medial compartment of thigh?
Adductor Magnus.
Adductor Longus.
Adductor Brevis.
Gracilis.
Obturator externus.
What is the innervation of the medial compartment of thigh?
Obturater nerve.
What is the action of the medial compartment of thigh?
Adduction at the hip joint.
What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of thigh?
Rectus femoris.
Vastus Lateralis.
Vastus Intermedius.
Varuse Medialis.
Sartorius
What is the innervation of the anterior compartment of thigh?
Femoral Nerve.
What is the action of the anterior compartment of thigh?
Extensors at the knee joint.
What does the saphenous nerve supply?
Supplies skin of the medial side of leg and foot.
What happens if there is damage to saphenous nerve?
Loss of sensation to medial side of leg and foot.
How would we differentiate between femoral hernia and inguinal hernia?
Femoral Hernia - below and lateral to pubic tubercle.
Inguinal Hernia - Above and medial to pubic tubercle.
What are the muscles of the gluteal region?
Gluteus Maximus.
Gluteus Medius.
Gluteus Minimus.
Tensor Fascia lata.
Piriformis.
Obturator internus.
What is the action of the Gluteus Maximus?
Main Extensor of thigh.
What is the innervation of Gluteus Maximus?
Inferior Gluteal Nerve.
What is the action of Gluteus Medius, Minimus and tensor fascia lata?
Abducts and Medially rotates.
What is the innervation of Gluteus Medius, Minimus and Tensor fascia lata?
Superior Gluteal Nerve.
What is the action of piriformis?
Abducts and laterally rotates.
What is the innervation of piriformis?
Nerve to piriformis.
What is the action of obturator internus?
Abducts and laterally rotates.
What is the innervation of obturator internus?
Nerve to obturator internus.
What seperates the compartments of the thigh?
Intermuscular septa
What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of thigh?
Biceps Femoris.
Semitendinosus.
Semimembranosus.
Head of adductor magnus.
What is the action of the hamstring muscles?
Extension of thigh at hip joint. Flexion of leg at knee joint.
What is the innervation of the hamstring muscles?
Sciatic Nerve.
How is the sciatic nerve formed?
When L4, L5, S1, S2, S3 joint together, they form sciatic nerve.
What does the sciatic nerve divide into?
Common peroneal and tibial nerve
What do tight hamstrings cause?
Low back ache.
How can hamstring injury happen?
Sudden stretch of hamstrings, could be partial or complete tear.
What are the symptoms of a hamstring injury?
Bruising, swelling, pain and tenderness.
How can we repair an ACL tear?
By grafting semitendinosus muscle tendon.
What is a common cause for sciatica?
A herniated disc.
What’s not in the femoral sheath?
Femoral Nerve.
If a person is sitting cross legged which muscle are they using?
Sartorius.
Where would you inject in the buttocks?
Upper lateral quadrant - on muscle (Gluteus Maximus)
In Trendelenburg Gait which muscles and nerves are affected?
Gluteus Medium, Minimus.
Superior Gluteal Nerve
A girl is siiting on the floor with her hips and knees flexed, which muscles is she using?
Iliacus and psoas major muscle.
If a ballerina does planterflexion which muscle is she using?
Gastrocnemius.
Why would a knee dislocate anteriorly?
ACL tear.
What passes through the tarsal tunnel?
Posterior tibial artery, vein, and nerve.
A girl is at the gym and is extending her hip joint, which muscle is she using?
Gluteus Maximus.
A man comes into the emergency room because he’s been stabbed in the anterior thigh, which nerve will be affected?
Femoral Nerve.
What is in the subsartorial canal?
Saphenous nerve.
If there is damage to the sub-sartorial canal, what would be affected?
There will be loss of sensation to the medial side of leg and foot.
A fracture of the head of femur would lead to what?
Avascular Necrosis.
What is the lateral structure of the femoral sheath?
Femoral artery.
What is the medial structure to the femoral hernia?
Femoral Vein
A patient got stabbed in the sub-sartorial canal, which artery will be affected?
Femoral artery.
In case of heart valves not working, which artery would be used?
Femoral artery.
What is the interosseus membrane?
Fibrous joint. Has two apertures for the passage of vessels.
What is the innervation of the posterior compartment of the leg?
Tibial nerve.
What are the muscles of the superficial group of posterior compartment of leg?
gastrocnemius, plantaris, and soleus.
What does the gastrocnemius form?
The two heads fuse to for the calf.
What is the action of the gastrocnemius?
Plantarflexion and Flexion at knee joint.
What is the action of plantaris?
Proprioception, weak plantarflexor.
What is the function of the soleus?
Plantarflexion.
Which two muscles form the calcaneal tendon?
Gastrocnemius and Soleus.
What is the function of the achilles tendon?
Pull on heal upon calf muscle flexion - Plantarflextion
What is the Ankle jerk reflex?
To test the integrity of achilles tendon - Roots S1-S2 of tibial nerve.
What is subcutaneous calcaneal bursa?
Between skin and achilles tendon. Acting as shock absorbers.
What is Retrocalcaneal bursa?
Between calcaneus and achilles tendon.
How do we determine rupture of achilles tendon?
Kager’s triangle.
Cannot plantarflex and exaggerated dorsiflexion.
What is kager’s triangle?
Radiographic indicator. Detects abnormalities of ankle joint.
What are the boundaries of kager’s triangle?
Posteriorly - Achilles tendon.
Anteriorly - flexor tendons.
Base - calcaneus.
What is the action of popliteus?
Unlocks and stabilizes knee.
What is the action of Flexor hallucis longus?
Flexes the big toe.
What is the action of flexor digitorum longus?
Flexes the lateral four toes.
What is the action of the Tibialis Anterior?
Inversion and dorsiflexion.
What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?
Popliteal artery, Popliteal vein, Tibial nerve, and common peroneal nerve.
What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?
Semitendinosus and semimembranosus medially.
Biceps femoris laterally.
Medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius inferiorly.
What does the popliteal artery give out?
Genicular arteries in popliteal fossa.
Divides into anterior and posterior tibial branches in deep compartment.
What does the anterior tibial artery pass through?
Interosseus membrane to enter anterior compartment of leg.
What does the posterior tibial artery supply?
Lateral and posterior compartments of leg.
What is DVT?
Damaged valves, resulting in blood accumulation in veins (decreased blood flow).
What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of leg?
Tibialis anterior.
Extensor digitorum longus.
Extensor hallucis longus.
Fibularis longus.
What is the innervation for the anterior compartment of leg?
Deep peroneal (fibular) nerve.
What is the arterial supply of the anterior compartment of leg?
Anterior tibial artery.
What is the action of the Tibialis anterior muscle?
Dorsiflexion and inversion.
What is the action of the extensor digitorum longus muscle?
Extension of the lateral four toes and dorsiflexion.
What is the action of the Extensor hallucis longus muscle?
Extension of the big toe and dorsiflexion.
What is the action of the fibularis tertius muscle?
Eversion and dorsiflexion.
What is the action of the fibularis brevis muscle?
Eversion of foot.
What is the innervation of the fibularis brevis muscle?
Superficial peroneal nerve.
What is the action of the fibularis longus muscle?
Eversion and plantarflexion.
What is the innervation of the fibularis longus muscle?
Superficial peroneal nerve.
What does the common peroneal nerve divide into?
Deep and superficial peroneal nerves.
What gives rise to the anterior tibial artery?
Popliteal artery.
What type of joint is the ankle joint?
Synovial joint. Hinge type.
What bones form the ankle joint?
Fibula, tibia, and talus.
What is the deltoid ligament?
Resists over-eversion of foot.
What is the lateral ligament?
Resists over-inversion.
Consists of anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, and calcaneofibular.
What is the cause of foot drop?
Damage to the peroneal nerve.
What is the cause of compartment syndrome in the leg?
Inside fracture of the tibia, may cause bleeding, since fascia lata does not stretch there is accumulation of blood which causes compartment syndrome.
What is Talar beak?
Abnormal connection between talus and calcaneum.
What causes talar beak?
Genetic mutation.
Trauma to area.
Infection.
What is Morton’s toe?
When the second toe appears to be larger than the big toe.
What are the causes of Morton’s toe?
Trauma.
Neurotrophic disorder.
Congenital conditions.
Morton’s toes is mostly present where?
In females.
What is club foot?
Shortened achilles tendon.
Congenital deformity.
What type of joint is the ankle joint?
Synovial joint.
What type of joint is the intertarsal joint?
Synovial joint.
What type of joint is the tarsometatarsal joint?
Plane joint.
What type of joint is the interphalangeal joint?
Hinge joint.
What type of joint is the metatarsophalangeal joint?
Condyloid joint.
When would a physician order a foot x-ray?
Midfoot pain.
Bone tenderness at base of fifth metatarsal bone.
What are bunions?
Significant protuberance of bone of medial aspect of 1st metatarsophalangeal joint.
What are the causes for a bunion?
Abnormal stresses.
High heels.
Osteoporosis and hereditary
Why is a bunion a problem?
Pain.
Swelling.
What is the treatment of a bunion?
Padding to shoes.
Anti-inflammatory drugs.
What is flexor retinaculum?
Connective tissue that extends from medial malleolus to calcaneus to form tarsal tunnel.
What is the extensor retinacula?
Prevent bowing during extension of foot and toes.
What is fibular retinacula?
Bind the tendons of fibularis longus and brevis muscles.
What is a longitudinal arch of foot?
From posterior part of calcaneus to metatarsal heads.
Highest of medial side. Lowest on lateral side.
Forms Medial and lateral longitudinal arches.
What is a transverse arch?
Coronal plane of foot.
Metatarsals, cuboid and 3 cuneiform bones.
In case of transverse arch, which ligament supports the foot?
Deep transverse metatarsal ligaments.
What is plantar fasciitis?
Overuse and extreme pain on the plantar aponeurosis.
Increased body weight.
What can plantar fasciitis cause?
Micro-tears and degeneration of aponeurosis.
Inflammation of plantar aponeurosis.
How can plantar fasciitis be treated?
Physiotherapy.
What is flat foot?
Alter the alignment of legs. - foot pain.
What is high arch foot?
Bent or claw like toes - pain when standing and walking - has calluses of ball of foot.
What are the intrinsic muscles of foot?
Extensor digitorum brevis.
Extensor hallucis brevis.
What is the action of the intrinsic muscles of foot?
Abduction, adduction and flexion of toes.
What is the innervation of the intrinsic muscles of foot?
Medial and lateral plantar branches of tibial nerve.
What is the exception to the innervation of the intrinsic muscles of foot?
Deep fibular nerve innervates extensor digitorum brevis.
What is the arterial supply of the foot?
Sole of foot - Medial and lateral plantar branches of posterior tibial artery and dorsalis pedis.
Dorsum of foot - Dorsalis pedis artery, which is a branch of the anterior tibial artery.
What is the venous drainage of the foot?
Superficial veins drain into a dorsal venous arch.
Dorsal venous arch drains into great and small saphenous veins.
What is the cutaneous innervation of the foot?
What is a positive sign of a Trendelenburg gait?
Pelvis drops on unsupported side.
What is the attachment of the pectineus muscle?
Superior rami of pubis - just inferior to the lesser trochanter.
What is the attachment of the sartorius muscle?
Anterior superior iliac spine - Superior part of medial surface of tibia.
What is the attachment of the rectus femoris muscle?
Anterior inferior iliac spine - indirectly via patellar ligament.
What is the attachment of the vastus lateralis muscle?
Greater trochanter - indirectly via patellar ligament.
What is the attachment of the vastus medialis muscle?
Intertrochanteric line - indirectly via patellar ligament.
What is the attachment of the vastus intermedius muscle?
Anterior and lateral surfaces of shaft of femur - indirectly via patellar ligament.
What is the attachment of the adductor longus and brevis muscles?
Body of pubis inferior to pubic crest - linea aspera of femur.
What is the attachment of the adductor magnus muscle?
Adductor part: inferior ramus of pubis - gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera.
Hamstring part: Ischial tuberosity - adductor tubercle of femur.
What is the attachment of the gracilis muscle?
Body of inferior ramus of pubis - superior part of medial surface of tibia.
What is the attachment of the gluteus maximus muscle?
Ilium posterior to posterior gluteal line - iliotibial band and gluteal tuberosity.
What is the attachment of the gluteus medius and minimus muscles?
Medius: Between anterior and posterior gluteal lines - Greater trochanter.
Minimus: Between anterior and inferior gluteal lines - Greater trichanter.
What is the attachment of the tensor fascia latae muscle?
ASIS - Iliotibial tract.
What is the attachment of the piriformis muscle?
Anterior surface of sacrum - Greater trochanter.
Where is the attachment of the obturator internus muscle?
Pelvic surface of obturator membrane - Greater trochanter.
Where is the attachment of the inferior and superior gemelli?
Superior: ishial spine - Freater trochanter.
Inferior: Ischial tuberosity - Greater trochanter.
Where is the attachment of the quadratus femoris muscle?
Ischial spine - intertrochanteric crest.
Where is the attachment of the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscle?
Ischial tuberosity - T: medial surface of superior part of tibia, M: medial condyle of tibia.
Where is the attachment of the biceps femoris muscle?
Long head: Ischial tuberosity - head of fibula.
Short head: linea aspera - head of fibula.
