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RKIN Exam > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the optimal level for LDL Cholesterol?

A

Optimal = Below 2.59 mmol/L

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2
Q

What is considered boarderline high for LDL Cholesterol?

A

With known disease (ex. diabetees): Less than 1.81 mmol/L

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3
Q

What is considered high for LDL Cholesterol?

A

Above 4.15 mmol/L

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4
Q

What is the optimal level for HDL cholesterol?

A

Above 1.5mmol

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5
Q

What is the borderline poor level for HDL Cholesterol?

A

1-1.5mmol/L for men
1.3-1.5mmol/L for women

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6
Q

What is the poor level of HDL cholesterol?

A

1mmol/L for men
1.3mmol/L for women

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7
Q

What is the optimal level for total cholesterol?

A

below 5.18mmol/L

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8
Q

What amount of mmol/L is considered borderline high for total cholesterol?

A

5.18-6.18mmol/L

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9
Q

What is considered high levels of total cholesterol?

A

Above 6.18mmol/L

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10
Q

What is the optimal level for fasting triglycerides?

A

Below 1.7mmol/L

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11
Q

What is considered borderline high levels of fasting triglyceride?

A

1.7-2.2mmol/L

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12
Q

What is considered high levels of fasting triglyceride?

A

2.3-5.6mmol/L

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13
Q

What is a normal BP for healthy adults?

A

120/80mmHg

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14
Q

What is considered pre-hypertension?

A

120-139/80-89

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15
Q

What BP is considered hypertensive?

A

130/80

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16
Q

What is the BP of someone with chronic kidney disease, diabetes or CAD?

A

less than 140/90mm Hg

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17
Q

What is mean arterial pressure?

A

Average blood pressure of an individual

18
Q

What is arterial/vascular compliance?

A

Ability of a blood vessel wall to expand and contract passively with changes in pressure

19
Q

What is hypoglycemia?

A

Low blood sugar caused by too much insulin, too much exercise or not enough food

20
Q

What are the symptoms of hypoglycemia vs hyperglycemia?

A

hypo: sweating, weakness, anxiety, trembling, fast heartbeat, confusion, irritability, headache, fatigue

hyper: excess urination, increased thirst, dry skin, decreased appetite, nausea, fatigue low energy

21
Q

What is hyperglycemia?

A

High blood sugar is caused by lack of insulin, illness, infection, eating too much, stress, certain medications

22
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Low blood insulin levels attributable an inability or reduced ability of the pancrease to produce insulin

prone to hypoglycemia during and immediately after exercise bc liver fails to release glucose at a rate that can keep up with glucose utilization

23
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Lack of target cells response to insulin (insulin resistance), glucose cannot enter cell.

24
Q

How does muscle contraction help with type 2 diabetes?

A

Muscle contraction has insulin-like effects. Membrane permeability to glucose increases with muscular contraction.
Acute bouts of exercise decrease insulin resistance insulin sensitivity; reduce cells requirements for insulin

25
Q

What is the approach to treatment with diabetes?

A

Aerobic (150min/week) + resistance (2 sessions/week) is recommended, interval training can be recommended for those willing and able to inc CVF (T2) and red the risk of hypoglycemia (T1).

26
Q

How to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia during and after exercise in people with T1D

A
  1. reduce the bolus dose of insulin that is most active at the time of exercise
  2. Significantly reduce or suspend (only if the activity is 45min) basal insulin for the exercise duration and lower the basal rate overnight of ex by 20%
  3. Inc carb consumption prior to, during and after exercise as necessary
  4. Perform 10s max intensity spirits at the start of exercise, periodically during activity, or at the end of exercise
  5. Perform resistance exercise before aerobic exercise
  6. Smaller amounts of activity still provide some health benefit
27
Q

What is the recommended exercise intervention for those with Diabetes?

A

FITT
- Most days; aerobic, mod (64%-76% Max HR) to vig (76%+ maxHR) 150 min/ week
- 2 or 3 times/week; resistance mod (15 reps max) to vig (6-8 reps max),
- 2 or 3 times/week; balance + flexibility, low to mod, 10-30s,2-4 reps each, no time limit

28
Q

What are some tips and considerations for the treatment of those with diabetes?

A

Set specific exercise goals, problem-solving potential barriers, provide info on where/when to exercise and self-monitor

29
Q

What BMI is considered underweight?

A

below 18.5

30
Q

What BMI is considered normal/healthy?

A

18.5/24.9

31
Q

What BMI is considered overweight?

A

25-29.9

32
Q

What BMI is considered obese?

A

30+

33
Q

What is the principle of individuality?

A

heredity plays a major role in determining the body’s response to a single bout of exercise, as well as chronic changes from exercise program

34
Q

What is the principle of specificity?

A

training adaptations are highly specific to the type of activity being performed and to the volume and intensity of the exercise - exercise adaptations are specific to the mode, intensity and duration of training

35
Q

What is the principle of reversibility?

A

if training decreases or stops, any gains achieved will be reversed

36
Q

What is the principle of progressive overload?

A

Systematically increasing the demands on the body is necessary for continued improvement

37
Q

What is the principle of variation?

A

changing one or more variables in the training program (mode, volume, intensity) overtime to allow for the training stimulus to remain challenging and effective

38
Q

What is sarcopenia?

A

Substantial loss of fat-free mass that accompanies aging

39
Q

What is the lactate threshold (adaptations to training)?

A

The higher the threshold, the better the performance capacity

In trained states, one can exercise at a higher percentage of one’s VO2max before lactate begins to accumulate in the blood

40
Q

What is the respiratory exchange ratio (adaptation to training)

A

the ratio of carbon dioxide released to oxygen consumed during metabolism

LOW RER = reflects n increased reliance on fats
HIGH RER = reflects an increased reliance on carbohydrates

RKIN Exam (7 decks)

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