physiology

Question 1

Secreted molecules (hormones) act on target cells distant from their site of synthesis?

Answer 1

Endocrine signaling

Question 2

Where is the pituitary gland located?

Answer 2

Base of brain within SELLA Turcica

Question 3

What is located inside stalk connecting hypothalamus to pituitary gland?

Answer 3

Axons

Portal venous plexus

Question 4

What cells was Anterior pituitary gland derived from?

Answer 4

Endocrine cells of Foregut (ORAL CAVITY

Question 5

Because of Anatomic location, Expanding Pituitary lesions often compress what?

Answer 5

Optic chiasm

Question 6

Most common cause of HYPOpituitarism is?

Answer 6

Adenoma in Anterior lobe

Question 7

Pituitary lesions Composed of a single cell type and produce a single type of hormone?

Answer 7

Pituitary Adenomas:
Nonfunctional–> hormone @tissue level only
Functional–> hormone has systemic clinical manifestation

Question 8

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 8

increased BMR
Wght Loss + increased Appetite 
Increased Heat (intolerance) + sweating 
Increased CO (tachycardia)
Dyspnea 
Goiter 
Exophthalmos 
Tremors/ weakness

Question 9

Symptoms of Hypothyroidism?

Answer 9

Decreased BMR
Wght gain + loss of appetite
Cold intolerance 
Lethargy/ confused 
Drooping Eye lids 
Myxedema 
Growth retardation 
Mental Retardation

Question 10

Hypothyroidism + Increased TSH= ?

Answer 10

Primarily Thyroid Gland defect

Question 11

Hyperthyroidism + Decreased TSH=?

Answer 11

Feedback inhibition on Pituitary gland (Graves thus not Pituitary gland issue)

Question 12

Hypothyroidism + Decreased TSH= ?

Answer 12

Hypothalamus or Anterior pituitary gland Defect

Question 13

Hyperthyroidism + Increased TSH = ?

Answer 13

Defect is in Anterior Pituitary gland

Question 14

MOA of PTU?

Answer 14

inhibits Peroxidase enzyme in Thyroid hormone synthesis

Question 15

Tx of Hyperthyroidism?

Answer 15

PTU
Thyroidectomy
I- Destroy gland
Beta blockers

Question 16

Affects of Thyroid hormone on Growth?

Answer 16

Bone maturation

CNS maturation

Question 17

Affects of Thyroid hormone on BMR?

Answer 17

Increases NA+-K ATPase
Increased O2 consumption
Increases Heat
increases BMR

Question 18

Affects of Thyroid hormone on metabolism?

Answer 18

Increased Glucose absorption 
increased Glycongenolysis 
Increased Gluconeogenesis
increased Lipolysis 
Increased protein degradation (catabolic)

Question 19

Factors stimulating Thyroid hormone release?

Answer 19

TSH
Thyroid stimulating Ig (GRAVES)
Increased TBG (pregnancy)

Question 20

Factors inhibiting Thyroid hormone release?

Answer 20

I deficiency
Deiodinase deficiency
Excessive I intake (Wolff-Chaikoff effect)
Perchlorate; thiocynate (Na+ I- cotransport inhibit)
PTU (peroxidase inhibitor)
Decreased TBG (Liver disease)

Question 21

Oxytocin stimulating and inhibiting factors?

Answer 21

Stimulating–> Suckling + Sight sound or smell of infant + Dilation of cervix + Orgasm
Inhibitory–> Opioids (endorphins)

Question 22

ADH stimulatory factors?

Answer 22

Increased serum osmolarity
Decreased ECF volume 
Angio II
Pain/ Nausea 
Hypoglycemia 
Nicotine 
Opiates 
Antineoplastic drugs (cylclophosphamide)

Question 23

ADH inhibitory factors?

Answer 23

Decreased serum osmolarity
Ethanol
Alpha adrenergic agonists
ANP

Question 24

Factors stimulating Prolactin secretion?

Answer 24

Pregnancy (estrogen)
Breast-feeding
Sleep
Stress
TRH
Dopamine antagonists

Question 25

Prolactin secretion inhibitors?

Answer 25

Dopamine
Bromocriptine (dopa agonist)
Somatostatin
Prolactin (negative feedback)

Question 26

Growth hormone secretion stimulators?

Answer 26

Hypoglycemia
Hypolipidemia 
Arginine
Fasting or starvation
Puberty (Testosterone or estrogen)
Exercise 
stress
stages III or IV if SLEEP
Alpha agonists

Question 27

Factors inhibiting GH release?

Answer 27

Hyperglycemia
Hyperlipidemia
Obesity 
Senescence
Somatostatin 
Somatomedins
Growth Hormone 
Beta agonists
Pregnancy