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Endocrine > Path/ Pathophys > Flashcards

Path/ Pathophys Flashcards

1
Q

Symptoms of Hypoglycemia (<50)?

A 
BLURRED vision (MC)
Shakiness 
Sweatiness
Nervousness
Hunger
Weakness
Palpitations
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2
Q

Signs of Hypoglycemia?

A 
Excess SNS:
Diaphoresis
Tachycardia
Systolic HTN
Tremulousness
Pallor
Confusion
Unusual behavior
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3
Q

Body defenses to Hypoglycemia?

A

Decrease Insulin–> Unless Exogenous
Increase Glucagon–> Fibrosis/ amyloid inhibit
Increase Epinephrine–> Prev. epis lowers treshld
Increase Cortisol–> Prev epis
SNS symptoms–

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4
Q

Alcohol and Hypoglycemia?

A

Body uses up stored Glycogen increases risk of HYPOglycemia in extended periods of drinking

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5
Q

Serious complications of Hypoglycemia?

A

Seizures
Arrhythmias
Death

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6
Q

Tx for Comatose pt?

A

GLUCOSE

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7
Q

PNET are associated with what hereditary endocrinopahthies?

A

MEN-1 (80-100%)
von Hippel Lindau syndrome (20%)
Neurofibromatosis-1 (10%)

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8
Q

Describe the histological appearance of NET?

A 
Small
Monomorphic
Round "Salt & pepper" nuclei 
Scant Cytoplasm 
Nests or islands
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9
Q

What are the MC sites of PNET metastasis?

A

LIVER
retropperitoneal lymph nodes
bone

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10
Q

Symptoms of nonfunctioning PNET?

A 
Abdominal pain (MC)
Obstructive jaundice (mc)
Anorexia 
Palpable mass
Wght loss
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11
Q

Anemia + Diabetes + Necrolytic migratory erythema?

A

Glucagonoma

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12
Q

Peptic ulcers + diarrhea?

A

Gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome)

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13
Q

Diabetes + Cholelithiasis + Steatorrhea?

A

Somatostatinoma

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14
Q 
Watery diarrhea
Achlorhydria
Hypokaemia
Hypovolemia
Acidosis
A

VIPoma

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15
Q

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?

A

Parietal cell hyperplasia
Abdominal pain
Diarrhea
Peptic + duodenal + jujenal ulcers

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16
Q

What is the first line therapy for treating Overdose beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers?

A

Glucagon

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17
Q

MCC of hypercalcemia?

A

Primary HPT

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18
Q

MCC of Hyper ParaThyroid?

A

Parathyroid adenoma–> MC in blacks, Asians

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19
Q

Symptoms of Chronic Hypercalcemia?

A 
Constipation
Urinary pain (nephrolithiasis)
Bone pain (resorptive state= ostetis fibrosa cystic)
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20
Q

How can parathyroid adenoma be differentiated from parathyroid hyperplasia?

A 
Adenoma= One gland (others atrophied)
Hyperplasia= Multiple glands enlarged
21
Q

How do granulomatous reactions (Sarcoidosis/TB) causes Hypercalcemia?

A

Macrophages convert Vit D–> 1,25 Vit D

22
Q

Presentation of Acute hypercalcemia?

A 
Weakness
Decreased reflexes
confusion
lethargy
Seizures
Coma
Constipation--> N/V
POLYURIA 
Shorten QT+ bradycardia--> Arrhythmias
23
Q

Confusion
Decreased Mental capacity
Paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

Acute Hypercalcemia

24
Q

Asymptomatic + primary Hyperparathyroid?

A

Chronic Hypercalcemia

25
Q

What is the predominant manifestation of Acute Adrenal crisis?

A 
SHOCK
anorexia
N/V
abdominal pain
fever
confusion
26
Q

Manifestations of Chronic Adrenal insufficiency?

A 
Hypoglycemia
fatigue
Weakness
Hypotension+ salt craving
Hyperpigmentation
Hyponatremia + HYPERkalemia 
Loss of libido and genital hair (females)
27
Q

Stress is mediated by what acutely and chronically?

A 
Acute= catecholamines
Chronic= corticosteroids
28
Q

Hypertension and Hypokalemia?

A

Adrenal cortical tumor secreting ALDOSTERONE

Conn syndrome

29
Q

Signs: Episodic headache, sweating , tachycardia
Symptom: HTN are associated with what Genetics?

A

Pheochromocytoma= MEN-2

30
Q

What are the major risk factors for atherosclerosis?

A

Age
Sex
SHODDY

31
Q 
Symptoms: 
Stones
Moans
Groans
Bones?
A

Hypercalcemia

32
Q 
Symptoms: 
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Fatigue
Wgt loss?
A

Hyperglycemia

33
Q 
Symptoms:
Fatigue
Weakness
Nausea
parathesias
confusion?
A

Hyperkalemia

34
Q 
Symptoms:
Lethargy
Confusion
Irritability
Seizures
Coma?
A

Hypernatremia + Hyponatremia

35
Q 
Symptoms: 
Parasthesias (tingling or numbness)
Muscle cramps
irritability
depression?
A

Hypocalcemia

36
Q 
Symptoms:
Shakiness
sweatiness
nervousness
hunger
weakness?
A

Hypoglycemia

37
Q 
Symptoms: 
Fatigue
weakness
constipation
irritability 
myalgias?
A

Hypokalemia

38
Q 
Dx:
Hypoglycemia
Anorexia, wgt loss, N/V
weakness
hypotension
hyperkalemia
Metabolic acidosis
decreased pubic/ axillary hair in females
Hyper-pigmentation?
A

Addison’s disease–> Primary adrenal insufficiency

39
Q

What is elevated in Addison’s disease and whats the treatment?

A

ACTH elevated–> NO cortisol -feedback inhibition

Tx; replace GC + MC

40
Q 
Dx: 
Hyoerglycemia
Muscle wasting
Central obesity
Osteoporosis
Striae
Menstrual disorders
Hypertension?
A

Cushing’s syndrome (LOW ACTH)–> Primary Adrenal hyperplasia

41
Q

What is the Cushing’s disease? /

A

Elevated ACTH due to tumor causing same symptoms as Cushing syndrome

42
Q

Dx:
Hypertension
Hypokalemia
Metabolic alkalosis?

A

Conn’s syndrome–> Aldo secreting tumor

** LOW RENIN

43
Q

What is the treatment for Cushing syndrome?

A

Ketoconazole

Metyrapone

44
Q 
Dx:
Masculinization in females
Early accelerated linear growth
Early Pubic/ axillary hair
Hyperkalemia
Hypoglycemia
weakness
metabolic alkalosis
Hyperpigmenation?
A

21 beta hydroxylase deficiency

Excess androgens
Deficient GC + MC

45
Q

Dx:
No pubic hair female
Low cortisol
High Aldosterone?

A

17 alpha hydroxylase deficiency

46
Q

Painless Goiter
Peripheral edema
Headache & joint ache
Anovulation?

A

Hashimoto Thyroiditis–> Anti Thyroid antibodies

47
Q 
Hyper-excitability 
Wght Loss
Sweating
Diarrhea
Extreme fatigue
Hand tremors
Dry eyes / corneal ulcerations?
A

Graves Disease–> Thyroid stimulating Antibodies

48
Q

Round Islets vs. Trabecular Islets in pancrease?

A

Round–> Beta cells

Trabecular–> PP cells

Endocrine (4 decks)

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