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FMS 2 > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the formula for Total Body Water?

A

TBW=ECF+ICF+ luminal fluid =.60 x body weight in kg.

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2
Q

What is ECF composed of?

A

3/4 ISF and 1/4 plasma

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3
Q

What happens if there is excessive loss of luminal fluid? E.g. losing dilute sweat

A

Higher salt, smaller compartment of ECF, ICF will decrease to balance it out. ECF and ICF osmolality increases.

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4
Q

What is the distribution of Na+, K+, Cl- in body compartments?

A
  • Na+ is half in bone/other and half in ECF
  • K+ is mostly in ICF
  • Cl- is mostly in ECF
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5
Q

What is ECF volume determined by?

A

Sodium.

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6
Q

What happens when excess salt is added to the diet (ignoring thirst)?

A

Osmolality increases, water moves to the ECF. ECF vol increases, ICF vol decreases.

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7
Q

What happens if there is a loss of isotonic fluid? e.g. blood loss

A

osmolality remains the same. ECF volume decreases

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8
Q

What happens after you drink a lot of water after excess salt intake?

A

Osmolality decreases. Volume in ECF decreases and in ICF increases (returns to original state)

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9
Q

Describe the Na, K- ATPase transport system?

A

Na pump moves Na out and K in.

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10
Q

A person has diarrhea and has low bicarbonate levels might have …?

A

Metabolic acidosis

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11
Q

How does the body respond to metabolic acidosis?

A

-want to decrease CO2–>hyperventilation to lose more CO2

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12
Q

A person with COPD is short of breath and is not expelling enough CO2 may have…?

A

respiratory acidosis.

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13
Q

How does the body respond to respiratory acidosis?

A

-metabolic compensation by increasing acid output and bicarbonate reabsorption

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14
Q

What can cause metabolic alkalosis?

A
  • vomiting, gastric suction for loss of acid

- over ingestion of base

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15
Q

How does the body respond to metabolic alkalosis?

A

Hypoventilation to increase CO2

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16
Q

What can cause respiratory alkalosis?

A

Hyperventilation causing loss of CO2

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17
Q

How does the body respond to respiratory alkalosis?

A

Decrease renal output of acid and renal reabsorption of bicarbonate

18
Q

What are some extracellular buffers?

A

bicarbonate, CO2, plasma proteins, inorganic phosphate

19
Q

What are some intracellular buffers?

A

bone, proteins, organic and inorganic phosphates

20
Q

What senses low or high Na mass/volume in the body?

A

stretch receptors in the atria/cardiovasculature and baroreceptors in cariovasculature

21
Q

How does the body respond to low sodium mass/volume?

A

Increase sodium and volume reabsorption by kidney

22
Q

How does the body respond to high sodium mass/volume?

A

inhibit renal sodium and volume reabsorption, increase urine output

23
Q

What are the organ systems that help control potassium levels in the body?

A

gut-senses levels

  • muscle-potassium stores, releases K when levels are low
  • kidney-excretes K when levels are high
24
Q

What organ systems are responsible for maintaining osmolality?

A

-brain senses osmolality
-kidneys: dilution or concentration of urine output
-brain regulates thirst output
(vasopression from pituitary=anti diuretic)

25
Q

What organ systems are responsible for maintaining glucose levels?

A

pancreas-senses ECF glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids. And releases insulin
liver-releases glucagon

26
Q

How does the cholera toxin cause diarrhea?

A

It inhibits Na/H antiporter in intestinal villus cells. Activates chloride efflux through Cl channels.–>reduction of NaCl reabsorption, increase in Cl- secretion leads to diarrhea.

27
Q

How is hyponatremia?

A

-brain and skull swelling due to excessive water intake

28
Q

What can loss of excessive dilute sweat and ptyalism (excess saliva) do to ICF, ECF?

A

Decreases ICF and ECF volume, increases osmolality.

29
Q

What does intestinal loss of isotonic NaCl do to ICF and ECF volume and osmolality?

A

ECF volume decreases
ICF volume stays same
osmolality statys the same.

30
Q

What is conductance determined by?

A

The number of open ion channels in the cell membrane

31
Q

What generates voltage differences across membranes?

A

Different rates of ion diffusion due to difference in size of hydrated ions

32
Q

What does the chord conductance equation measure?

A

Membrane potential as weighted average of equilibrium potential of each indiv ion

33
Q

Define equilibrium potential difference?

A

Difference in voltage is that is equal to difference in concentration.

34
Q

What is the mechanism behind high NaCl in sweat of patients with CF?

A

Defects in Cl channel that reduces membrane permeability to Cl- ions. Cl- not reabsorbed from sweat in sweat glands and Na+ does not follow.

35
Q

What are types of passive transport?

A

Voltage gated, ligand gated, ion channels

36
Q

What is primary active transport?

A

E.g. Na+/K -ATPase, requires ATP to pump against electrochemical gradient

37
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

Uses potential energy stored in sodium gradient to move Na +another solute across the membrane. E.g. symport: Na/glucose
antiport: Na/Ca2+, Na+/H+

38
Q

What are cardiac glycosides?

A

class of drugs that inhibit Na/K ATPase, includes digitalis and ouabain.

39
Q

What is the mechanism behind CFTR defects in the pancreas?

A
  • Cl-/HCO3- exchanger-Cl- enters the cell (bicarb out) and Cl- recycled out the cell through CFTR
  • In CF, pancreatic ducts can’t secrete enough NaHCO3 and water because Cl- is not being recycled out the cell
  • pancreatic ducts become clogged
40
Q

How is tracheal epithelia affected in patients with CF? how can it be treated?

A
  • NaCl and water absorption is higher–>airway dehydration
  • trachea epithelia normally have both absorptive and secretory functions
  • a drug can inhibit epithelial absorption of NaCl and water without affecting secretory function to promote water retention in trachea
41
Q

What is the major pathways of sodium entry across the apical membrane of absorptive epithelia?

A
  • Na Channel
  • Na/H antiport
  • Na/K/2Cl symport
  • Na/Solute co transport
42
Q

What are the mechanisms of chloride entry across apical membranes?

A
  • Cl channel
  • Na/K/2Cl symport
  • Cl/HCO3 antiport

FMS 2 (9 decks)

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