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FMS 2 > Microanatomy > Flashcards

Microanatomy Flashcards

0
Q

Where would you find stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Epidermis, esophagus , outer layer of mouth and vagina

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1
Q

Where would you find simple squamous epithelium?

A

Blood vessels and alveoli, minimal barrier for exchange of nutrients, wastes, gases

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2
Q

Where would you find simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Kidney tubules. Secretion and absorption.

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3
Q

Where would you find stratified cuboidal?

A

Mammary glands. Sweat ducts. Rare

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4
Q

Where would you find simple columnar epithelium?

A

Digestive organs. Has goblet cells.

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5
Q

Where would you find stratified columnar epithelium?

A

Rare. Epididymis, mammary glands

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6
Q

Where do you find pseudo stratified epithelium?

A

Also called respiratory epithelium. Trachea. Has goblet and cilia.

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8
Q

Where do you find transitional epithelium?

A

Urinary system. Ureter, bladder.

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9
Q

What are the ECM components of connective tissue?

A
  • ground substance: made of proteoglycans and glycoproteins, gel like. provides nutrient supply and mechanical support
  • fibers: collagen, elastic, reticular. provides strength and resistance
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10
Q

How are collagen fibers formed?

A

procollagen->tropocollagen->fibril->fibers->fiberbundles

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11
Q

What are the components of elastic fibers? Function? Location?

A
  • made of elastin and fibrillin
  • strength and elasticity
  • found in dermis, mesenteries, lungs, elastic cartilage, large blood vessels
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12
Q

What are reticular fibers composed of? Function?

A
  • Type III collagen
  • form part of basement membrane
  • support and strength in many soft tissues such as around fat and smooth muscle cells, liver, lymph nodes, spleen.
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13
Q

Where is loose connective tissues (LCT) found?

A
  • around vessels and nerves, under epithelia, spaces between other tissues, subcutaneous layer of skin
  • e.g. lamina propria and mesentery
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14
Q

Where can regular Dense connective tissue (r DCT) be found?

A

tendons and ligaments

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15
Q

Where can irregular dense connective tissue (irDCT) be found?

A
  • dermis of skin, organ capsules, heart valves, perichondrium, periosteum
  • where pulling forces are exerted in various directions
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16
Q

What is the ECM of rDCT made mainly of?

A

Type I collagen fiber bundles

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17
Q

What is the ECM of adipose tissue made of?

A

reticular fibers and small amt of ground substance

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18
Q

What is the main ECM component of LCT?

A

ground substance

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19
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

fetal skelton, articular ends of long bones, nose, larunx, trachea, bronchi, ribs (costal cartilage)

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20
Q

What are the functions of hyaline cartilage?

A

protection, anchoring, growth, regeneration. Flexibility and support at joints, reduces friction, absorbs shocks

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21
Q

What are components of hyaline cartilage?

A
  • Chondroblast–>chondrocytes
  • chondrocytes in isogenous groups
  • ECM made of type II collagen fibrils
  • sulphated GAGs make ECM basophilic
  • surrounded and nourished by perichondrium
  • Avascular
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22
Q

What is perichondrium composed of?

A

irDCT. Has chondrogenic progenitors

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23
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

Ear, auditory canal, auditory tube, epiglottis

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24
Q

What is elastic cartilage composed of?

A

-many chondrocytes,
-ECM has branching elastic fibers
-

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25
Q

What is the Function of elastic cartilage?

A

mainly flexibility

26
Q

How do elastic and hyaline cartilage grow?

A

By appositional as well as interstitial growth

27
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

capsules and ligaments of joints, IV disks, pubic symphysis, insertions of some tendons and ligaments. Found in places where stress is placed.

28
Q

What is fibrocartilage composed of?

A
  • No perichondrium
  • fibroblasts and collagen fibers alongside chondrocytes
  • columnar isogenous groups of chondrocytes
  • ECM of type I collagen
29
Q

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

A

strongest of three types of cartilage. For stength and rigidity

30
Q

What are the cells of bone?

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, osteogenic cells

31
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A
  • large multinucleated cells from monocytes
  • invovled in bone resorption-osteolysis
  • foamy, acidophilic cytoplasm
32
Q

What are the functions of Neutrophils?

A

phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria

33
Q

What are the functions of Eosinophils?

A

destroy larger parasites and modulate allergic inflammatory responses

34
Q

What are the functions of basophil?

A

release histamine and heparin when activated

35
Q

What are the functions of monocyte?

A

mature into tissue macrophages

36
Q

What are the functions of lymphocytes?

A

B cells become plasma cells and T cells assist in immune reactions.

37
Q

What are the relative abundances of formed elements in blood?

A

Erythrocytes, Thrombocytes, Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils

Never let monkeys eat bananas

38
Q

What molecules are involved in cell cell and cell matrix adhesion?

A
  • Cadherins: cell cell-adherens junctions and desmosomes, Ca depend
  • Immunoglobulin superfamily: mediate homophilic or heterophilic adhesion, weaker than cadherins.
  • Selectins: cell-surface, low affinity allows “rolling”, bind lectins, Ca depend
  • MHC: key players in immunity
39
Q

What are the embryonic origins of the 4 different types of tissues?

A

-Epithelium: may arise from any 3 germ layers
•Ectoderm: epidermis, sweat glands, lens of eye,
•Mesoderm: endothelium, kidney tubules
•Endoderm: lining of gut, bladder, trachea
-Connective tissue: mesoderm
-Contractile tissue: mesoderm
-Nervous tissue:
•Ectoderm: CNS
•Neural crest: PNS

40
Q

Where can osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells be found in bone?

A

Periosteum and endosteum

41
Q

What are some disease of bones?

A

Rickets-Vit D deficiency, bone poorly calcified
Paget’s disease-more rapid osteoid production than mineralization
Osteoporosis-more bone resorption and less bone formation

42
Q

What is the basic cellular unit of skeletal muscle?

A

Myofiber.

43
Q

What is the structure of a muscle?

A

myofibrils (made of sacromeres)–>Each myofiber surrounded by basal lamina and endomysium–>group of fibers is a fascicle (surrounded by perimysium)–>many fascicles is a single muscle (surrounded by epimysium

44
Q

What are the components of a sacromere?

A

A band: dark, overlapping actin and myosin
I band: light, actin from 2 adjacent sacromeres
Z discs-actin anchored to, within I band
M line-myosin connected to.

45
Q

Which bands in muscle shorten during contraction?

A

I bands shorten, A bands do not

46
Q

What proteins are required in a sacromere?

A

a-actinin, myomesin, titin, nebulin

47
Q

What is a triad in muscle?

A

3 flattened sacs outside each myofibril at A/I junction.

-1 T tubule and 2 terminal cisterna of SER

48
Q

What do t-tubules do?

A

they convey action potentials at neuromuscular junction. triggers release of Ca from adjacent terminal cisternae of SER into sarcoplasm. Initiates binding of myosin to actin.

49
Q

Describe structure of cardiac muscle?

A

Single nucleus at center of cell. Often branch. myocytes joined together by intercalated discs.

50
Q

What are perkinje fibers?

A

Modified myocytes. Larger, fewer myofibrils, lots of glycogen. Specialized conduction cells. Can sequester Ca rapidly.

51
Q

Where can smooth muscle be found?

A

along GI tract, respiratory tract, urogenital track, blood vessel walls.

52
Q

How to the three types of muscles grow?

A

Skeletal: hypertrophy only

cardiac: hypertrophy only
smooth: hypertrophy and hyperplasia

53
Q

Where does the each type of muscle obtain Ca2+ for contraction?

A

skeletal: intracellular, SER
cardiac: extracellular, through t tubules
smooth: intra and extracellular. SER and Caveoli

54
Q

What tissues are derived from the neural tube?

A

Brain and spinal cord (CNS)

55
Q

What tissues are derived from the neural crest? (Ectomesenchymal)

A

melanocytes in skin, adrenal medulla chromaffin cells, neuronal and schwann cells of PNS, portions of connective tissue, etc.

56
Q

Which direction is slow and which is fast axonal transport?

A

Slow: anterograde only.
Fast: bi directional. moves membrane limited organelles towards synapse via kinesin by saltatory (jerky) motion. requires ATP. Fast retrograde via dynein.
regrograde: potential pathway for toxins and viruses

57
Q

What is a mast cell?

A

It releases heparin and histamine. Mediate inflammatory and allergic responses.

58
Q

Where would you find type II collagen?

A

cartilage, vitreous of the eye

59
Q

What do canaliculi contain?

A

The cytoplasmic processes of osteocytes. Gap junctions between the processes of neighboring cells. Extracelular fluid and as periosteocytic space and Ca reservoir.

60
Q

What is in a Haversian canal?

A

blood vessels and nerves

FMS 2 (9 decks)

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