Physiology

Question 1

Normal core temp?

Answer 1

36,8 - 37,3

Question 2

Name 4 mechanisms heat is lost

Answer 2

Radiation
convection
Evaporation
Conduction

Question 3

Name 6 complications hypothermia

Answer 3

• Hypoxia
• dysrhythmia
• increased blood loss
• increased duration muscle relaxants
• delayed emergence
• impaired wound healing, increased infection risk
Reduces MAC
Limits drug metabolism

Question 4

Name 4 physiological mechanisms that allow breathing, with examples.

Answer 4

• Central respiratory centre : dorsal medulla inspiration, ventral medulla expiration, pons excitatory and inhibitory.
• central sensors: chemoreceptors, anterolateral surface medulla, change in CSF (H), apnoeic threshold
• peripheral chemoreceptors: carotid sinus baroreceptors, carotid body chemoreceptors, aortic arch baroreceptors etc detect change in pa02, paCo2, ph
• lung receptors

Question 5

How is pain transducted?

Answer 5

Nociceptor’s stimulated by inflammatory mediators from acute tissue insult
Transmit to a-delta and C fibres (first order neurons)

Question 6

How is pain transmitted? (4)

Answer 6

1. Action potential to first order neuron
2. Spinothalamic tract to second order neuron
3. Thalamus to third order neuron
4. Somatosensory cortex

Question 7

Which 3 drugs target prostaglandin release from damaged tissue?

Answer 7

•Paracetamol
• NSAIDs
• steroids
Aspirin
Cox-2 inhibitors

Question 8

Function of alpha 1 adrenergic receptors?

Answer 8

Vasoconstriction and bladder neck tone

Question 9

Function of alpha 2 adrenergic receptors?

Answer 9

CNS sedation and analgesia

Question 10

Function of beta 1 adrenergic receptors?

Answer 10

Cardiac inotropy (increase contractions) and chronotropy (increase rate)

Question 11

Function of beta 2 adrenergic receptors?

Answer 11

Bronchodilation and skeletal muscle vasodilation

Question 12

Function of beta 3 adrenergic receptors?

Answer 12

Lipolysis