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Cardiovascular System > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

It allows blood to circulate

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2
Q

Approximately how many times does the heart beat per day?

A

100,000 times

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3
Q

Where does the cardiac AP start?

A

In the SA node

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4
Q

Why do action potentials pass slower through the nodes?

A

To allow atrial contraction prior to ventricular contraction

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5
Q

What is the pacemaker of the heart?

A

The SA node

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6
Q

What shortens the refractory period in cardiac automatism?

A

The lack of phase 1-2

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7
Q

What makes the SA node the pacemaker?

A

It has a faster rate (80 bpm)

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8
Q

What makes electric conduction in the heart one way?

A

Cells that have sent the AP are already excited and are already in phase 2,3 or the refractory period

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9
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system innervate the heart?

A

Through the vagus nerve

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10
Q

What receptors are used by the parasympathetic nervous system in the heart?

A

M2 ACh receptors

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11
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the rest potential in cardiac cells?

A

It causes it to be more negative

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12
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system inhibit the AP of cardiac cells?

A

It inhibits Na+ and Ca2+ entry

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13
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system innervate the heart?

A

Through the sympathetic chain

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14
Q

What receptors are used by the sympathetic nervous system in the heart?

A

β2 Ad receptors

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15
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the cardiac muscles?

A

It activates Na+ and Ca2+ entry

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16
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the rest potential of cardiac cells?

A

It causes it to be less negative

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17
Q

What are the effects of positive isotropism?

A

It causes stronger contraction

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18
Q

What are the effects of negative isotropism?

A

It causes weaker contraction

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19
Q

What are the effects of positive cronotropism?

A

It causes the heart to beat faster

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20
Q

What are the effects of negative cronotropism?

A

It causes the heart to beat slower

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21
Q

What are the 3 types of myocardial fibres?

A

The atrial, ventricular and specialised excitation and conduction fibres

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22
Q

What myocardial fibres are responsible for cardiac contraction?

A

The atrial and ventricular fibres

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23
Q

What myocardial fibres are responsible for forming the excitatory system that controls the rhythmic heartbeat?

A

The specialised fibres

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24
Q

What is inotropism?

A

The ability to develop strength at a given length

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25
Q

How is inotropism regulated by the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Through β1 receptors

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26
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system cause increased contractile capacity?

A

It increases Ca2+ uptake

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27
Q

How is inotropism regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Through Muscarinic (M2) receptors and ACh

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28
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system decrease contractile capacity?

A

It decrease Ca2+ uptake and increases the output of K+

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29
Q

What does the frank-starling mechanism state?

A

That within physiological limits the heart pumps all the blood that comes from the veins

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30
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

It is the amount of blood that the heart pumps into the Aorta every minute

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31
Q

What is venous return?

A

It is the amount of blood flow that returns from the systemic veins

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32
Q

What should be the relationship between the cardiac output and the venous return?

A

It should be the same

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33
Q

What is the average value for cardiac output?

A

5L/min

34
Q

What part of the volume-pressure diagram represents ventricular filling?

A

A > B

35
Q

When does the mitral valve open?

A

When the pressure of the atrium exceeds that inside the ventricle

36
Q

What part of the volume-pressure diagram represents isovolumetric contraction?

A

B > C

37
Q

Which of the heart valves are open during isovolumetric contraction?

A

None of them

38
Q

What part of the volume-pressure diagram represents ventricular ejection?

A

C > D

39
Q

What does the width of the curve in the C > D portion of the volume pressure diaphragm represent?

A

The stroke volume

40
Q

What part of the volume-pressure diagram represents isovolumetric relaxation?

A

D > A

41
Q

What is preload?

A

The force that stretches the cardiac muscle prior to contraction

42
Q

What happens if preload increases?

A

Venous return increases

43
Q

What is afterload?

A

The ventricular wall stress or tension that develops during systolic contraction and ejection of blood into the aorta.

44
Q

What is contractility?

A

The relative ability of the heart to eject a stroke volume

45
Q

What happens if contractility increases?

A

Increased pressure during systole

Increased blood ejection

46
Q

What happens if afterload increases?

A

The aortic valve opens at higher pressures and closes earlier

47
Q

How is coronary blood flow in comparison to the rest of the organism?

A

The changes in systole and diastole are opposite

48
Q

What happens if more oxygen is needed in the coronary circulation?

A

The blood flow is increased

49
Q

What can be a result of insufficient flow in the coronary circulation?

A

Angina pectoris or myocardial ischemia

50
Q

What is the coronary blood flow reserve?

A

It is the capacity to increase flow

51
Q

How does blood return to from the left ventricular muscle?

A

Mostly through the coronary sinus (75%)

52
Q

How does blood return from the right ventricular muscle?

A

Through the small anterior cardiac vein that flows directly into the right atrium

53
Q

What is Phase 1 of the cardiac cycle?

A

Diastole

54
Q

What is phase 2 of the cardiac cycle?

A 
Isovolumetric contraction (systole)
2nd half of QRS: ventricular depolarisation
55
Q

What is phase 3 of the cardiac cycle?

A

Rapid ventricular ejection (systole)

ST segment

56
Q

What is phase 4 of the cardiac cycle?

A

Slow ventricular ejection (systole)

T wave: ventricular repolarization

57
Q

What is phase 5 of the cardiac cycle?

A 
Isovolumetric relaxation (diastole)
T wave end
58
Q

What is phase 6 of the cardiac cycle?

A

Rapid ventricular filling (diastole)

TP segment

59
Q

What is phase 7 of the cardiac cycle?

A

Slow ventricular filling (diastole)

Post-T wave

60
Q

What are the ECG derivations of the lateral wall?

A

I
aVL
-aVR

61
Q

What are the ECG derivations of the anterolateral wall?

A

V5

V6

62
Q

What are the ECG derivations of the anterior wall?

A

V3, V4

63
Q

What are the ECG derivations of the inferior wall?

A

II
III
aVF

64
Q

What are the ECG derivations of the Interventricular septum?

A

V1

V2

65
Q

What is the normal heart rate?

A

60 - 100

66
Q

How is heart rate counted down according to each square on the ECG chart?

A

300, 150, 100, 75, 60, 50

67
Q

How many small boxes are required for ST depression on the ECG graph?

A

At least 3 small boxes

68
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect blood vessels?

A

It causes vasoconstriction

69
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

When heart rate is above 100 bpm

70
Q

How is tachycardia found on an ECG graph?

A

The cardiac cycle is 3 squares or less (100 bpm)

71
Q

What is brachycardia?

A

When heart rates is less than 60 bpm

72
Q

How is brachycardia identified on an ECG graph?

A

The cardiac cycle is 5 squares or more (60 bpm)

73
Q

How is heart block identified on an ECG graph?

A

The PR interval is lenghtened (sign of abnormal contraction)

74
Q

How is previous myocardial infarction identified on an ECG graph?

A

The Q wave is 25% of the R wave

75
Q

How is current myocardial infarction detected on an ECG graph?

A

Elevations and depressions on the ST segment

76
Q

What is the normal electrical axis range?

A

Between -30° and 90°

77
Q

What is the electrical axis of the aVL lead?

A

-30°

78
Q

What is the electrical axis of lead I?

A

0°

79
Q

What is the electrical axis of the -aVR lead?

A

30°

80
Q

What is the electrical axis of lead II?

A

60°

81
Q

What is the electrical axis of the aVF lead?

A

90°

Cardiovascular System (3 decks)

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