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Cardiovascular System > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

It is the space between both pleural capillaries

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2
Q

What is the superior border of the superior mediastinum?

A

The oblique plane passing from the jugular notch upward

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3
Q

What is the posterior border of the superior mediastinum?

A

The superior border of T1

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4
Q

What is the inferior border of the superior mediastinum?

A

The transverse plane passing from the sternal angle to the intervertebral disc T4-T5

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5
Q

What are the major structures of the superior mediastinum?

A

The thymus gland, the esophagus, the trachea and the thoracic duct

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6
Q

What vessels are located in the superior mediastinum?

A

The left/right brachiocephalic veins, the left superior intercostal vein, the superior vena cava, the arch of the aorta and its 3 main branches

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7
Q

What nerves are found in the superior mediastinum?

A

The phrenic nerves, the vagus nerves and the left recurrent laryngeal branch of the left vagus nerve

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8
Q

What is the most anterior component of the mediastinum?

A

The Thymus

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9
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

It is involved in the early development of the immune system

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10
Q

What arteries supply the thymus?

A

The small branches of the internal thoracic arteries

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11
Q

What vein drains the thymus?

A

The left brachiocephalic vein

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12
Q

What lymph nodes drain the thymus?

A

The Parasternal and Tracheobroncial Lymph Nodes

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13
Q

What is immediately posterior to the thymus?

A

The Brachiocephalic Veins

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14
Q

What passes over the left side of the aortic arch?

A

The Left Suprior Intercostal Vein

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15
Q

What are the rising branches of the arch of the aorta?

A

The Brachiocephalic Trunk, the Left Common Carotid Artery and the Left Subclavian Artery

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16
Q

What lies between the Pulmonary Artery and the Arch of the Aorta?

A

The Ligamentum Arteriosum

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17
Q

What is innervated by the Vagus Nerve?

A

The Esophagus, the Cardiac Plexus and the Pulmonary Plexus

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18
Q

What lies lateral to the Ligamentum Arteriosum?

A

The Left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

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19
Q

Where does the Vagus Nerve originate?

A

It is the Tenth Cranial Nerve

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20
Q

What does the Phrenic Nerve originate from?

A

The Anterior Rami of C3-C5

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21
Q

What does the Phrenic Nerve innervate?

A

The diaphragm, the fibrous pericardium and the parietal layer of the serous pericardium

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22
Q

Where does the right phrenic nerve pierce the diaphragm?

A

The inferior vena cava opening

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23
Q

Where does the left phrenic nerve pierce the diaphragm?

A

Near the apex of the heart

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24
Q

What is the major lymphatic vessel in the body?

A

The Thoracic Duct

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25
Q

Where does the thoracic duct lie?

A

It passes through the posterior portion of the superior mediastinum

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26
Q

Where is the Anterior Mediastinum?

A

Posterior to the body of the sternum and anterior to the pericardial sac

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27
Q

What is located in the Middle Mediastinum?

A

The Pericardium, the Heart, the Origins of the great vessels and various nerves

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28
Q

What defines the boundaries of the middle mediastinum?

A

The Fibrous Pericardium

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29
Q

What are the layers of the Serous Pericardium?

A

The Parietal Layer and the Visceral Layer

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30
Q

What innervates the Fibrous Pericardium?

A

The Phrenic Nerves

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31
Q

What supplies the Fibrous Pericardium?

A

The Pericardiacophrenic Vessels

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32
Q

Where is the Posterior Mediastinum?

A

Posterior to the pericardial sac and Diaphragm

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33
Q

Where is the Esophagus located?

A

In the Posterior Mediastinum

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34
Q

What supplies the esophagus?

A

The Thoracic aorta, the Branchial arteries and the ascending branches of the left gastric artery

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35
Q

What drains the esophagus?

A

The Azygous vein, the Hemizygous vein and the oesophageal branches of the left gastric vein in the abdomen

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36
Q

Where is the Heart found?

A

The pericardial cavity

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37
Q

What is the pericardium innervated by?

A

The Vagus Nerves, the Phrenic nerves and the Sympathetic trunks

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38
Q

What are the pericardial sinuses?

A

The Oblique Sinus and the Transverse Pericardial Sinus

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39
Q

What is the posterior part of the heart made of?

A

The Left Atrium and part of the Right Atrium as well as the proximal part of the great veins

40
Q

What is the anterior part of the Heart made up of?

A

The Right Ventricle and part of the Right Atrium and the Left Ventricle

41
Q

Where does the heart rest in the anatomical position?

A

The Diaphragmatic surface

42
Q

What is the diaphragmatic surface made up of?

A

The Left Ventricle and a small portion of the Right Ventricle

43
Q

What are the External Sulci?

A

The Coronary Sulcus and the Anterior/Posterior Interventricular Sulci

44
Q

What does the Coronary Sulcus contain?

A

The Right Coronary Artery, the Small Cardiac Vein, the Coronary Sinus and the Circumflex branch of the Left Coronary Artery

45
Q

What does the Anterior Interventricular Sulci contain?

A

The Anterior Interventricular Artery and the Great Cardiac Vein

46
Q

What does the Posterior Interventricular Sulcus contain?

A

The Posterior Interventricular Artery and the Middle Cardiac Vein

47
Q

What does the Right Atrium receive blood from?

A

The Superior Vena Cava, the Inferior Vena Cava and the Coronary Sulcus

48
Q

What is the function of the Tricuspid Valve?

A

It prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium

49
Q

What divides the parts of the right atrium externally?

A

The Sulcus Terminalis Cordis

50
Q

What divides the parts of the right atrium internally?

A

The crista terminalis

51
Q

What is the space posterior to the crista terminalis?

A

The sinus of the venae cavae

52
Q

What is the space anterior to the crista terminalis?

A

The atrium proper

53
Q

How are the walls in the sinus of the vanae cavae?

A

They are smooth and thin

54
Q

How are the walls in the atrium proper?

A

They are covered by the pectinate muscles

55
Q

What is the right auricle?

A

It is an ear-like conical muscular pouch that externally overlaps the ascending aorta

56
Q

What separates the atria?

A

The Interatrial Septum

57
Q

What is found on the interatrial septum?

A

The fossa ovalis

58
Q

What is found on the walls of the right ventricle?

A

Trabeculae carnae

59
Q

What muscles are found on the walls of the ventricles?

A

Papillary muscles

60
Q

What do the papillary muscles attach to?

A

Chordae Tendineae

61
Q

What do the chordae tendineae attach to?

A

The heart valves
Tricuspid in the right ventricle
Mitral in the left ventricle

62
Q

What are the papillary muscles of the right ventricle?

A

The anterior, posterior and septal papillary muscles

63
Q

What are the cusps of the tricuspid valve?

A

The anterior, posterior and septal cusps

64
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

It is the outflow tract of the right ventricle

65
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary valve?

A

It allows/restricts blood flow into the pulmonary trunk

66
Q

What are the cusps of the pulmonary valve?

A

The anterior, right and left semilunar cusps

67
Q

What does the left atrium receive?

A

The 4 pulmonary veins

68
Q

Does the left atrium contain pectinate muscles?

A

Yes

69
Q

What can be found on the intertribal septum in the left atrium?

A

The valve of the foramen ovale

70
Q

Which compartment of the heart has the thickest layer of myocardium?

A

The left ventricle

71
Q

What is the aortic vestibule?

A

It is the outflow tract of the left ventricle

72
Q

What are the papillary muscles of the left ventricle?

A

The anterior and posterior papillary muscles

73
Q

What are the parts of the interventricular septum?

A

The muscular and membranous parts

74
Q

What is the function of the mitral valve?

A

It prevents back flow of blood into the left atrium

75
Q

What is the function of the aortic valve?

A

It allows/restricts blood flow into the aorta

76
Q

What are the semilunar cusps of the aortic valve?

A

The right, left and posterior semilunar cusps

77
Q

What is unique about the cusps of the aortic valve?

A

They contain the aortic sinuses

78
Q

What is the function of the aortic sinuses?

A

They force blood into the coronary arteries

79
Q

What are the anulus fibrosis?

A

They form the cardiac skeleton

80
Q

What connects the annulus fibrosis?

A

The right and left fibrous trigone

81
Q

What are the functions of the cardiac skeleton?

A
  1. To maintain the stability and diameter of the orifices
  2. To provide points of attachment for the cusps
  3. To electrically isolate the atria from the ventricles
82
Q

What passes through the cardiac skeleton?

A

The bundle of His

83
Q

What supplies the cardiac muscles?

A

The coronary arteries

84
Q

What drains the cardiac muscles?

A

The coronary veins

85
Q

What do the coronary arteries give off?

A

The marginal and interventricular branches of the coronary arteries

86
Q

Where do the coronary veins empty?

A

The coronary sinus

87
Q

Where does the coronary sinus empty?

A

The right atrium

88
Q

What are the branches of the right coronary arteries?

A

The sinn-atrial nodal branch, the right marginal branch and the posterior interventricular branch

89
Q

What are the branches of the left coronary artery?

A

The anterior interventricular branch and the circumflex branch

90
Q

What are the cardiac veins?

A

The great cardiac vein, the middle cardiac vein, the small cardiac vein and the posterior cardiac vein

91
Q

What innervates the heart?

A

The peripheral nervous system

92
Q

What is the function of parasympathetic innervation on the heart?

A

It decreases heart rate and force of contraction and causes vasoconstriction of the coronary arteries

93
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system on the heart?

A

It increases heart rate and force of contraction

94
Q

What does the parasympathetic innervation of the heart originate as?

A

The right and left vagus nerve

95
Q

What does the sympathetic innervation of the heart originate as?

A

The cardiac nerves of the sympathetic trunk

96
Q

What are the visceral afferents of the heart?

A

The cardiac nerves of the sympathetic trunk and the vagal cardiac branch

97
Q

What part of the heart does the circumflex artery supply?

A

The anterior part of the left ventricle

Cardiovascular System (3 decks)

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