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Gastrointestinal 3 > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Which cells in the pancreas secrete digestive enzymes?

A

Acinar cells

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2
Q

Which cells in the pancrease secrete large volumes of sodium bicarbonate?

A

ductules

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3
Q

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase all break down what substance in the gut?

A

Proteins

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4
Q

Pancreatic amylase breaks down what substance in the gut?

A

Carbohydrates

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5
Q

Lipase, esterase, and phospholipase all break down what substance in the gut?

A

Fats

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6
Q

What is the product of pancreatic lipase on neutral fats?

A

FA + 2-MG

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7
Q

What is the product of phospholipase on phospholipids?

A

FA’s

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8
Q

This enzyme converts the zymogen trypsinogen to the active form, trypsin.

A

Enterokinase

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9
Q

This molecule from the cytoplasm of glandular cells prevents the activation of pancreatic enzymes within the pancreas.

A

Trypsin inhibitor

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10
Q

What happens to the trypsin inhibitor to cause pancreatic damage in acute pancreatitis?

A

It’s overwhelmed by pancreatic enzymes because the pancreatic duct is blocked.

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11
Q

In order to form HCO3 to eb secreted from the pancreatic ductule cells, which gas must first enter the cell from the blood?

A

CO2

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12
Q

CO2 combines with what substance to eventully form H+ and HCO3-?

A

H2O

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13
Q

Where does the H+ go from the ductule cell once it’s synthesized?

A

back into the blood through an Na/H active antiporter

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14
Q

How does HCO3 get into the lumen once Na diffuses into the ductule lumen?

A

Active transport (mainly by a Cl/HCO3 exhanger)

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15
Q

The increase in this salt in the lumen causes the pull of what substance into the lumen as well?

A

H2O

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16
Q

The CFTR channel allows the diffusion of what ion from the pancreatic ductule cell into the lumen for HCO3 secretion?

A

Cl-

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17
Q

This condition is when the CFTR channel is missing/mutated so Cl- cannot be secreted, and the mucus becomes thick and clogs the lumen.

A

Cystic fibrosis

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18
Q

Ach works on these Gq receptors to increase pancreatic enzyme secretion.

A

M3

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19
Q

CCK and gastrin work on these receptors on acinar cells to increase pancreatic enzyme secretion.

A

B receptors

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20
Q

Secretin acts on these cells to increase bicarbonate secretion via a Gs pathway.

A

ductal cells

21
Q

During the cephalic phase of digestion, Ach causes pancreatic enzyme secretion via what nerve?

A

X

22
Q

This substance is secreted by the liver, stored in the gall bladder,a nd ejected into the SI.

A

Bile

23
Q

After the hepatocytes make the bile acids, which tubes are they secreted into?

A

Bile canaliculi, which flows down to the terminal bile ductules.

24
Q

The excess presence of what molecule can lead to the formation of gallstones in the gallbladder?

A

cholesterol

25
Q

What kind of diet can lead to the formation of gallstones?

A

High fat

26
Q

To much absorbtion of what substance can also form gallstones?

A

Water (cholesterol will precipitate)

27
Q

The active transport of what ion out of the gallbladder wil concentrate the bile acids?

A

Na (cuz it drags other ions and water too)

28
Q

What are the 4 main components of bile secretions?

A

Bile saslts, bilirubin, cholesterol, and lecithin

29
Q

What % of bile salts are reabsorbed in the ileum?

A

95%

30
Q

Will there be an increase or decrease secretion of bile from the liver with increased bile acids?

A

Increased

31
Q

Will there be an increase or decrease secretion of bile from the liver with CCK?

A

Increase

32
Q

Will there be an increase or decrease secretion of bile from the liver with secretin?

A

Increase (mainly HCO3 secretion)

33
Q

These liver cells make bile, metabolize organic compounds, store stuff, and carry out all the functions of the liver.

A

Hepatocytes

34
Q

These liver cells line the sinusoids and form a barrier between the portal venous system and the space of Disse (area where lymph flows).

A

Endothelial cells

35
Q

These liver calls are macrophages and are part of the reticular endothelial system, which eat foreign debris and bacteria.

A

Kupffer cells

36
Q

This condition is when a large clot blocks off the portal vein and causes an increase in liver capillary pressure of 15-20mmHg

A

Portal HTN

37
Q

This condition occurs when liver parynchymal cells are destroyed and the resultant fiberous tissue obstructs the bile ducts.

A

Cirrhosis

38
Q

What is the main cause of cirrhosis?

A

alcoholism

39
Q

This is the condition when intersitial fluid is formed out of the liver itself and into the abdominal cavity as a result of hepatic HTN

A

ascites

beer belly lol

40
Q

What is the life span for RBC’s?

A

120 days

41
Q

So we’ve been over the entire lifecycle of the hemoglobin when it’s broken down. Now give me everything from the hemoglobin itself –> excretion from the body.

A

Hemoglobin –> blood –> eaten by macrophages –> heme + globin –> heme split to free iron (taken up by transferrin) + biliverdin –> free bilirubin –> liver –> conjugated with glucorinic acid –> conjugated bilirubin –> bile –> intestines –> converted by bacteria to urobilinogen –> conversion to urobilin for urine excretion or conversion to stercobilin if in feces.

42
Q

This is the condition where there are large amounts of bilirubin in the extracellular fluids.

A

jaundice

43
Q

This type of jaundice is when there is an increased destruction of RBCs and the subsequent release of lots of Hb and resultant bilirubin.

A

Hemolytic jaundice

44
Q

This type of jaundice is when there is a blockage of the bile duct or liver cells so that bilirubin cannot be excreted out.

A

Obstructive jaundice

45
Q

What are the 2 main contirbutors to obstructive jaundice?

A

Gallstones or cancer

46
Q

True or False: there is excess urobilinogen in obstructive jaundice because of the blockage of the bile duct.

A

FALSE. there is NO urobilinogen because bilirubin cant get into the intestines to get converted.

47
Q

What is the color of the stools in obstructive jaundice?

A

Clay-colored

48
Q

What is the name of the test to see the levels of unconjugated or conjugated bilirubin in the blood?

A

Van Bergh test

49
Q

High levels of conjugated bilirubin on the Van Bergh test show which type of jaundice? Hemolytic or obstructive?

A

Obstructive, as conjugated bilirubin cannot out.

Gastrointestinal 3 (6 decks)

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