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Gastrointestinal 3 > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What symptoms make EBV and CMV differentials for acute hepatitis?

A

liver inflammation and damage leading to hepatomegaly and elevate liver enzymes.

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2
Q

Yellow Fever- class of virus

A

flavivirus

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3
Q

Yellow Fever- demographics

A

MURICA

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4
Q

Yellow Fever- transmission vector

A

mosquito (aedes aegypti)

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5
Q

Yellow Fever- Sx

A

after 3-6 days, sudden onset of fever, headache and muscular aches. can be severe liver dmg.

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6
Q

Yellow Fever- Tx

A

no Tx

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7
Q

Yellow Fever- vaccine

A

live attenuated

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8
Q

How does schistosoma mansomi cause severe liver damage?

A

Eggs get trapped there

AWWWWWWW SCHIST

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9
Q

Where in the world does schistosoma mansoni infect?

A

tropoical/subtropical area

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10
Q

Where in the world does clonorchis sinensis infect?

A

asia

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11
Q

How do u get clonorchis sinensis?

A

eating fish with the metacercarial stage

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12
Q

What part of the hepatic tract does clonorchis sinensis attach to to cause damage?

A

Bile duct

“clones on the bile duct”

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13
Q

What is the major cancer associated with clonorchis sinensis?

A

Intrahepatic colangiocarcinoma

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14
Q

Where are the 2 liver flukes (Opisthorchis and Fasciola hepatica) found in the world?

A

Asia and eastern europe

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15
Q

How does Echinococcus granulosus cause liver damage?

A

large hydatid cysts in the liver

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16
Q

Where can u get E. multilocularis?

A

wild carnivores

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17
Q

E. multilocularis develops in the liver as a ramifyling mass, resembing what?

A

a carcinoma

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18
Q

What are the 2 treatments for E. multilocularis liver infections?

A

surgical excision + benizmidazole

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19
Q

Which parasite causes amebic liver abscesses?

A

E. histolytica

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20
Q

What type of pathological damage results from E. histolytica damage of the liver?

A

necrotic liver damage without pus

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21
Q

Which spirochete causes leptospirosis?

A

leptospira interrogans

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22
Q

Which reservoir does l. interrogans reside in?

A

domestic and wild animals

OH CRAP FLUFFY

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23
Q

How do humans get l. interrogans?

A

ingestion or exposure to contaminated water or food (breaks skin)

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24
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of l. interrogans?

A

influenza like illness for 7 days, hepatitis, jaundice, and hemorrhage in the liver.

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25
Q

This G-, nonmotile, coccobacillus infects reticuloendothelial cells from the respiratory tract, abrasian in the skin, or unpastruized dairy.

A

Brucellosis

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26
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of brucellosis?

A

hepatitis, hepatosplenomegaly, tiredness, aches, pains, anxiety, depression and fever.

“damnit pig, you make me fat and tired”

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27
Q

What is the structure of HAV?

A

naked, icosahedral capsid

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28
Q

What is the genomic composition of HAV?

A

+sense ssRNA genome

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29
Q

Once HAV acts on a receptor on liver cells, how is it released from the hepatocyte?

A

exocytosis

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30
Q

What is the mode of transmission for HAV?

A

fecal-oral

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31
Q

After HAV replicates in the hepatocytes and Kuppfer cells, where is it released into?

A

The bile

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32
Q

So what is the pathway from ingestion to getting into the poop for HAV?

A

mouth –> intestines –> blood –> hepatocytes –> bile –> stool

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33
Q

True or False: HAV can be a chronic infection

A

False.

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34
Q

What type of food is a problem for acquiring HAV?

A

Shellfish

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35
Q

How long does it take before Sx appear in HAV infections?

A

10-14 days

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36
Q

Before Sx appear in HAV infected individuals, is there a productive infection?

A

Yes. an inapparent one.

so bored. heres a story: i had a job as a swim coach in 8th grade for little kids. one time when i was walking home from work this group full of high school girls stopped and asked if i wanted a ride. my house was 3 minutes from where i worked, but being dumb, i agreed. so i got into their car and asked them to take me home. they drove the opposite way from home. i was scared, but it ended up being an awesome evening. got some froyo action, pizza, saw a movie. they dropped me off later after the escapades. my gf at the time (the one with IBS lol) was pissed but i’ll never forget that evening. dont even know their names. never saw them again. awwwww memories. I’M SO COOL.

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37
Q

What Ab can u detect in the blood for Dx of HAV?

A

Anti-HAV IgM using ELISA

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38
Q

What can u give as a prophylaxis for HAV?

A

immune serum globulin

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39
Q

When can u give the immune serum globulin after HAV exposure?

A

< 2 weeks

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40
Q

What type of vaccines can u give for HAV?

A

killed HAV

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41
Q

What genus is HBV from?

A

hepadnavirus

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42
Q

What is the structure of HBV?

A

small, enveloped DNA

DNA YOU HEAR. THE ONLY DNA ONE.

43
Q

What is the genomic composition of HBV?

A

small circular dsDNA

44
Q

Which HBV Ag surrounds the virion core?

A

core Ag (HBcAg)

45
Q

Which HBV Ag forms the envelope with the 3 forms of glycoprotein?

A

surface Ag (HBsAg)

46
Q

Which HBV Ag is a minor component and shares most of its protein with HBcAg?

A

Be Ag (HBeAg)

47
Q

True or False: HBsAg is the infectious portion of HBV

A

False

48
Q

True or False: HBsAg is the immunogenic portion of HBV

A

True

49
Q

What are the 3 glycoproteins that compose the HBsAg?

A

S, M, and L

50
Q

Which glycoprotein (S, M, or L) self-associates into spherical particles that are released from the cells?

A

S

you can detect this 1 in the blewd

51
Q

Which glycoprotein (S, M, or L) binds to the liver cell receptors as well as does assembly of the virion by binding the envelope to the capsid?

A

L

52
Q

Which glycoprotein (S, M, or L) was processed into the first commercial vaccine?

A

S

53
Q

Which 2 HBV Ag’s can be detected in the blood and show an active infection?

A

HBsAg and HBeAg

54
Q

If there is a strong reaction by CMI against the HBV infection, what is the final outcome?

A

Resolution

55
Q

If there is a weak reaction by CMI against the HBV infection, what is the final outcome?

A

chronic hepatitis

56
Q

What % of the US population has HBV?

A

1/20 people

57
Q

What % of the world population has HBV?

A

1/3

58
Q

What is the biggest potential cancerous outcome from HBV infection?

A

Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma (PHC)

59
Q

In what fluids can u get HBV?

A

blood, semen, milk, amniotic fluid, and vaginal and menstrual secretions.

60
Q

What % of all cases of PHC are related to HBV?

A

80%

61
Q

True or False: children usually have less severe acute infection Sx than adults.

A

True

62
Q

What % of HBV infected individuals develop chronic hepatitis?

A

5-10%

63
Q

This form of chronic hepatitis occurs in 1/3 of the indivudals, and is characterized by continued destruction of the liver, leading to scarring, cirrhosis, liver failure, or PHC.

A

Chronic active hepatitis

64
Q

This form of hepatitis occurs in 23 of the individuals, usually found accidently on a blood screening, and the biggest soruce for the spread of infection because these indiviuals don’t have Sx.

A

Chronic passive hepatitis

65
Q

The HBsAg particles can form immune complexes with Ab’s leading to which type-III hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Rash, polyarthritis, fever, acute necrotizing vasculitis, and glomerulonephritis

66
Q

When is HBsAg detected in the blood during an HBV infection?

A

Only when there is an actively replicating virus.

67
Q

After what time of detection of HBsAg can we say an HBV infection is chronic?

A

> 6 mo

68
Q

The detection of HBsAb in the blood indicates what?

A

Immunity

69
Q

The HBs window is the period of time when what 2 factors are not very present?

A

When the HBsAg can no longer be detected and HBsAb cannot be detected yet

so like if u draw labs and the Ag and Ab are low or 0, u can’t immediately say this person is vaccinated or he doesnt have an infection. u could be in the HBs window and have to do further screening.

70
Q

So during the HBs window, which Ab can u screen for to see at least there was a recent infection

A

HBcAb

71
Q

During what time of the infection can u see the HBeAg?

A

With active viral replication (acute and chronic active)

72
Q

During what time of the infection can u see the HBeAb?

A

Chronic infection

73
Q

Which is the only marker screened for in the early infection?

A

HBsAg

74
Q

During what time period can u give hep B immune globulin after exposure?

A

Within a week (or to infants with HBsAg+ mothers)

75
Q

Which RT inhibitor can u give to Tx HBV?

A

Iamivudine

76
Q

How do adefovir dipivoxil and famciclovir Tx HBV?

A

they’re nucleoside analogues

77
Q

How long can u take interferon-a for the Tx of HBV?

A

4 months

78
Q

Which Ag can u use for vaccine preparations against HBV?

A

HBsAg S gene

79
Q

After the first HBV vaccine injection, when do u give the 2nd and 3rd?

A

1 and 6 months

80
Q

HCV is a big member of what virus family?

A

Flaviviridae

81
Q

What is the genomic composition of HCV?

A

+sense RNA enveloped genome

82
Q

Which receptors does HCV bind to on hepatocytes and B cells?

A

CD81 (tetraspanin)

83
Q

After entry into the hepatocyte, which organelle does HCV enter to bud and assemble?

A

ER

84
Q

How does HCV prevent the death of the host cell and promote a persistent infection?

A

it inhibits apoptosis and interferon-a

85
Q

What are the main ways u can get HCV?

A

blood and sex. so tattoos, IV drugs, transfusions, not wearing a love glove, and organ recipients.

86
Q

What % of HCV pts get acute hepatitis with resolution?

A

15%

87
Q

What % of HCV pts get chronic persistent infections?

A

70%

88
Q

What is teh predominant Sx in chronic HCV infections?

A

chronic fatigue

89
Q

HCV-induced liver failure is exacerbated by what substance?

A

Alcohol

90
Q

This is responsible for both the resolution and tissue damage in a HCV infection

A

CMI

91
Q

How long after exposure to HCV can u detect viremia?

A

1-3 wks

92
Q

Which drug has a 50% recovery rate and is used for the Tx of HCV?

A

recombinant interferon-a

93
Q

Which 2 things in the blood can u detect for the Dx of HCV?

A

HCVAb or RNA genome using ELISA

94
Q

What % of fulminant hepatitis infections are due to the delta agent (HDV)?

A

40%

95
Q

HDV must use the coating of what other hepatitis virus to be functional?

A

HBV

“ya can’t have D unless ya have B”

96
Q

What is the genomic composition of HDV?

A

very small circular ssRNA genome

97
Q

True or False: if a person gets HDV and HBV at the same time, the biggest risk is a superinfection which can lead to fulminant hepatitis

A

False. They must have a pre-existing HBV infection to get a superinfection after exposure to HDV

98
Q

This is the conditon when there is altered brain fxn (hepatic encephalopathy), extensive jaundice, and massive necrosis.

A

Fulminant hepatitis

99
Q

What % of fulminant hepatitis cases are fatal?

A

80%

100
Q

You can use ELISA to detect what 3 things in the Dx of HDV?

A

the RNA genome, delta Ag itself, or anti-HDV Ab’s.

101
Q

True or False: you cannot not treat HDV infections.

A

False.

102
Q

What is the route of transmission for HEV?

A

fecal-oral

103
Q

Which pt population is at an increased risk of mortality in HEV infections?

A

Pregnant women

Gastrointestinal 3 (6 decks)

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